Page 221 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

B e t w e e n , a m o n g ; b y , b e s i d e , e t c .
etc.
Between,
among;
by,
beside,
Between, among
Between, among
how between and among are used as prepositions of place in these sentences:
Study how between and among are used as prepositions of place in these sentences:
Study
forefinger.
diamond between
and
her thumb
held the
g • ¢ She held the diamond between her thumb and forefinger.
She
is situated between Zambia to the north, Mozambique to the east, Botswana to
Zimbabwe is situated between Zambia to the north, Mozambique to the east, Botswana to
• ¢« Zimbabwe
South Africa to the south.
p the west, and South Africa to the south.
the west, and
p • ¢ He stood among all his friends in the room and felt very happy.
He stood among all his friends in the room and felt very happy.
| i • ¢ She eventually found her passport among the clothes in her drawer.
She eventually found her passport among the clothes in her drawer.
between with two
use
see
jj§ We use between with two or more people or things that we see as individual or separate. We use
or things that we
We
or more people
or separate.
use
as
individual
We
j|j among when we see the people or things as part of a group or mass. You can't say that you are
among when we see the people or things as part of a group or mass. You can't say that you are
or things.
is
people
sometimes
Amongst
a
more
literary
instead
is
used
but
jf among two people or things. Amongst is sometimes used instead of among, but is a more literary
of among,
among two
Jp- word.
word.
a
Between nd among are not only used as prepositions of place. To talk about something done to
I D D Between a and among are not only used as prepositions of place. To talk bout something done to
among:
by
a roup
or
groups
g
either between
people,
we
can
use
or
of things
or
jjis a or or by a group or groups of things or people, we can use either between or among:
between/among
money is to be divided
III • ¢ The money is to be divided between/among the towns in the area.
the owns in the
The
area.
t
The prize will be shared between/among the first six finishers in the race.
pf • ¢ The prize will be shared between/among the first six finishers in the race.
However, when we specify the individual members of the group using singular nouns we use
fe; e; However, when we specify the individual members of the group using singular nouns we use
jj| r: between rather than among:
between rather than among:
The treaty was signed between Great Britain and France.
§11 • ¢ The treaty was signed between Great Britain and France.
a disagreement between Neil, John and Margaret.
|;> • ¢ There was a disagreement between Neil, John and Margaret.
There was
(e.g.
talk about comparisons
use between,
and
relationships
not
| | We also use between, not among, when we talk about comparisons and relationships (e.g. a a
also
among, when we
We
friendship
a
a
link
a
between...,
between...):
connection
between...,
between,
p difference between, a connection between..., a friendship between..., a link between...):
difference
What are the
differences between rugby league, rugby union and American football?
lp • * What are the differences between rugby league, rugby union and American football?
a connection between unemployment and crime.
They are wrong to claim that there is
Jl • ¢ They are wrong to claim that there is a connection between unemployment and crime.
in',
iff We use among, not between, when we mean 'occurring in', 'one/some of or ‘out of:
'one/some
'out of:
mean
of
or
when we
'occurring
between,
not
among,
use
We
The disease has now broken out among the hill tribes.
(= 'occurring in')
if • * The disease has now broken out among the hill tribes. (= ‘occurring in’)
(= 'some of)
They are among the
best hockey players in the world.
!§ • * They are among the best hockey players in the world. {= 'some of)
(= 'out of)
is the second highest.
Among the capital cities of South America, Quito
jjl; • ¢ Among the capital cities of South America, Quito is the second highest. (= 'out of)
lit?
j§; Notice h how we use the expression among other things (not 'between other things'):
Notice ow we use the expression among other things (not 'between other things’):
gardening.
a
j? • ¢ Among other things, I enjoy painting and gardening.
Among other things,
I enjoy
painting nd
h
carpenter
and
found
that he ad been
d
later
out
a ustman,
|j • ¢ I I later found out that he had been a carpenter and a dustman, among other things.
a
among
other things.
By, beside, close to, near (to), next (to)
By, beside, close to, near (to), next (to)
(to)
mean 'not
near
or close to:
far away'.
all
We can often
use either
These
These all mean 'not far away'. We can often use either near (to) or close to:
The plant often grows close to / near (to) the banks of rivers.
• ¢ The plant often grows close to / near (to) the banks of rivers.
We live close to / near (to) the city centre.
• ¢ We live close to / near (to) the city centre. legs crossed. at the side of another:
We can also use next as an adjective to say that something follows another thing in a series. When
say that one thing or person is
or next to to
use beside, by,
We
We use beside, by, or next to to say that one thing or person is at the side of another:
•
her with
sat beside / by /
his
next to
ty ty ¢
Colin sat beside / by / next to her with his legs crossed.
Colin
I pushed the button beside / by / next to the door, but there was no answer.
• «¢ J pushed the button beside / by / next to the door, but there was no answer.
• ¢«
adjective to
When
in a
also
an
as
use next
series.
say that something follows another thing
We can
any other thing of the
same kind, we
next.
use nearest, not
we mean that one thing is closer than
we mean that one thing is closer than any other thing of the same kind, we use nearest, not next.
Compare:
Compare:
When Jim arrived, I left the kitchen and went into the next room,
(not ...nearest room.) and
• ¢ When Jim arrived, I left the kitchen and went into the next room. (not ...nearest room.) and
When the storm started, I ran to the
nearest house for shelter,
(not ...next...)
• * When the storm started, I ran to the nearest house for shelter. (not ...next...)
but not by:
near,
use
When we are talking about towns and cities we can use near, but not by:
When we are talking about towns and cities we can
I first met Steve when he was working on a beach near Adelaide.
• ¢ I first met Steve when he was working on a beach near Adelaide.
They live in a pretty cottage near Bergerac in France.
• ¢ They live in a pretty cottage near Bergerac in France.