Page 219 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

a c r o s s , a i o n g , o v e r ana i n r o u g n ; a o o v e , o v e r ,
a n a UNIUUYT, GNUVG, over,
GIUNY, over
across,
b e l o w a n d u n d e r
and
below
under
,
l
,
,
t
Across over aonghrough
Arson drgtngh
We can use across or over to talk about a position on the other side of, or getting to the other
We can use across or over to talk about a position on the other side of, or getting to the other
bridge, road, border, river, etc.:
side of a
side of a bridge, road, border, river, etc.:
The truck came towards them across/over the bridge.
• ¢ The truck came towards them across/over the bridge.
the road from ours.
lives in the house
Mike
across/over
• « Mike lives in the house across/over the road from ours.
she was across/over the border, she knew she would be safe.
• ¢ Once she was across/over the border, she knew she would be safe.
Once
We use over rather than across when we talk about reaching the other side of something that is
We use over rather than across when we talk about reaching the other side of something that is
high, or higher than it is wide:
high, or higher than it is wide:
He hurt his
leg as he jumped
over the wall.
• ¢ He hurt his leg as he jumped over the wall.
The railway goes through a tunnel rather than over the top of the mountain.
• ¢ The railway goes through a tunnel rather than over the top of the mountain.
country
an
surface,
of as
flat
a
a
as
such
area
are talking about something we think
or
When we are talking about something we think of as a flat surface, or an area such as a country
When we
sea, we use across rather than over:
or sea, we use across rather than over:
or
suddenly saw Sue across the room.
He suddenly saw Sue across the room.
• ¢ He
was broadcast across Australia.
• ¢ The programme
The programme was broadcast across Australia.
across the screen.
• ¢ The figures moved rapidly across the screen.
The figures moved rapidly
say all over but not usually all across. Instead, we prefer right across:
Notice that we can say all over but not usually all across. Instead, we prefer right across:
Notice that we can
The disease has now spread all over the world, (or ...right across the world.)
g • * The disease has now spread all over the world. (or ...right across the world.)
a line of some kind (a path, a road, a river, a beach, a canal, etc.),
When we talk about following a line of some kind (a path, a road, a river, a beach, a canal, etc.),
When we talk about following
use along.
we
we use along.
before.
I'd
seen them walking along the road past my window several times
• ¢ I'd seen them walking along the road past my window several times before.
along the
a small bridge.
footpath until they came to
They walked
• ¢ They walked along the footpath until they came to a small bridge.
dimensional
are talking about movement in
through to
a
three
use
emphasise that we
space,
We use through to emphasise that we are talking about movement in a three dimensional space,
We
all around, rather than a two dimensional space, a flat surface or area:
with things all around, rather than a two dimensional space, a flat surface or area:
with things
his way through the crowd of people to get to her.
He pushed
• ¢ He pushed his way through the crowd of people to get to her.
He
enjoyed the peace and quiet as he walked
through the forest.
• ¢ He enjoyed the peace and quiet as he walked through the forest.
suggests movement
space
often
from
side
the
other.
end
or
of the
Compare:
one
to
Through
Through often suggests movement from one side or end of the space to the other. Compare:
through the forest to
get to her grandmother's house,
and
She walked
• * She walked through the forest to get to her grandmother's house. and
She spent a lot of her free time walking in the forest.
• « She spent a lot of her free time walking in the forest.
Above, over; below, under
Above, over; below, under
use either above or over when we say that one thing is at a higher level than another:
B
We can use either above or over when we say that one thing is at a higher level than another:
We can
Above/Over the door was
a
sign saying,
'Mind your head'.
• « Above/Over the door was a sign saying, 'Mind your head’.
• ¢ She had painted thick, dark eyebrows above/over each eye.
She had painted thick, dark eyebrows above/over each eye.
one thing is not
directly over the other.
over, when
use
we
Compare:
above, not
However, we use above, not over, when one thing is not directly over the other. Compare:
However,
The castle sat in the mountains above the town, and
• ¢ The castle sat in the mountains above the town. and
(= directly overhead)
The passengers couldn't see the sun, as it was right over the plane.
• ¢ The passengers couldn't see the sun, as it was right over the plane. (= directly overhead)
@ Below I saw the helicopter fly out over the water, near the fishing boat. in the uses of
is
use
in contact
say that something covers
above, when we
something else and
over, not
We
We use over, not above, when we say that something covers something else and is in contact
it,
also
and
are talking about horizontal movement:
when we
with it, and also when we are talking about horizontal movement:
with
I
fields.
A grey mist hung over the
@
• ° A grey mist hung over the fields.
I saw the helicopter fly out over the water, near the fishing boat.
• +
differences
is the opposite of above;
under is the opposite
of over. The
Below is the opposite of above; under is the opposite of over. The differences in the uses of
above and
over
under are
similar to those
(see
above):
between
below and
below and under are similar to those between above and over (see above):
It's hard to believe that there is a railway line below/under the building.
• ¢ It's hard to believe that there is a railway line below/under the building.
her.
level of the counter and the shop assistant didn't notice
Her head was below the level of the counter and the shop assistant didn't notice her.
Her head was below the
• ¢
under a cold shower for ten minutes.
I was so hot, I stood
• ¢
I was so hot, I stood under a cold shower for ten minutes.
(the presents and the blanket are in contact)
She hid the presents under a blanket.
She hid the presents under a blanket, (the presents and the blanket are in contact)
• *