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190 Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

polar lipids and neutral lipids. These biochemical fractions are removed from crude
lipid by fractionation techniques such as chromatography and acid precipitation [26].
The bead milling techniques have high scale-up potential whereas ultrasonication and
homogenization have low scale-up potential. In the extraction techniques, organic
solvent with a soxhlet apparatus has the least scale-up potential [27].

7.3 Extraction of oil from nonedible seeds

The oil extraction is the most important step in biodiesel production and it varies
depending on the part that contains oil, either the kernel or the seed. They are ground
using an industrial grade blender (Fig. 7.1). Apart from all these steps, the preequisite
for oil extraction is the seed preparation [28].

Seed preparation
Kernel/seed extraction
Kernel/seed drying

Extraction

Mechanical Chemical ASE Enzymatic MAE

Purification of oil

Sedimentation/
filtration

Processing of oil

Dilution Pyrolysis Micro-emulsification Transesterification

Fig. 7.1 Process flow chart for extraction of oil from nonedible seeds.