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234 CHAPTER 7 Strategies for Fault Detection and Diagnosis

corrosion

System etc.)

(PV) interconnections, etc. islanding diodes,
Photovoltaic spots of dust storms connection chimneys, contacts prevent component devices blocking (fuses,

the hot cracks, degradation modules snow, circuit lightning diodes of faulty trees, and to Inverters the communication
of Faults reversed buildings, inverter the on
Side of cells, humidity, sand, module electrical to due nonoperation polarity, connections wires the of aging effects or wiring DC-protections
DC Sources of of connections modules, pollution, in surges diode’s obstacles: of of control of
the broken circuit or wiring of error, in of
to Deterioration Penetration cell’s Mismatch Shorted Waste, or Current Absence Reverse Nearby Clouds Corrosion Destruction Disconnection Internal Temperature Defects Disconnection Activation
Affect Possible • • of • • • Torn • Short • • • • • • Faulty • • • • • • • • •

May and

That Components sensors Protection strings
Origins System PV Cells cells cells boxes cells modules, sensors converters

Their Affected the of Solar modules PV Wiring Contacts Solar modules PV array PV Solar modules PV Monitoring Junction diodes Solar PV array Irradiance Cables Inverters array PV Inverters DCeDC strings PV array PV

and
Faults [6,9] [10,11] outage [12] MPP-tracking blackout

Possible Degradation [5,6] Soiling [7,8] Breakdown Shading Grid Islanding [10,13,14] Total [15,16]

of
List power power
7.1 Type Permanent Temporary
Table Fault losses losses