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Electrostatistic Precipitation 195

R Particulate resistivity (Ω)
−1
S Particle surface area per unit gas volume (m )
t Time (s)
T Absolute temperature (K)
T Standard temperature (298 K)
0
T' Annual operating time (h)
U Ion potential energy (N m)
v Gas velocity (m/s)
v 1 _ Root mean square ion velocity (m/s)
v Average treatment velocity (ft/s)
V Potential (V)
V Corona-starting potential (V)
a
V ' Potential at wire surface (V)
a
V Average voltage (V)
avg
w Particle migration velocity (m/s)
_
x Mass median particle diameter (µm)
δ' Gas density relative to 25°C (298 K) and 1 atm (dimensionless)
η Efficiency fraction (dimensionless)
θ Polar angle (rad)
µ Gas viscosity (N s/m )
2
ρ Particle resistivity (Ω-cm)
σ e Ion space-charge density (C/m )
3
σ p Particle space-charge density (C/m )
3
τ Charging time constant (s)
φ Dimensionless current, Eq. (7)

REFERENCES
1. G. R. Offen and R. F. Altman, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 41, 222 (1991).
2. H. J. White, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 7, 166–177 (1957).
3. F. Cameron, Cottrell—Samaritan of Science, Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1952.
4. P. R. Bibbo, in Electrostatic Precipitators (L. Theodore and A.J. Buonicore, eds.), EST
International Inc., Roanoke, VA, 1992, pp. 283–354.
5. US DHEW PHS, Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants, NAPCA Publication
No. AP-51, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC, 1969, pp. 81–102.
6. R. D. Ross (ed.), Air Pollution and Industry, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, Princeton, NJ,
1972.
7. C. D. Cooper and F. C. Alley, Air Pollution Control —A Design Approach, 2nd ed. Waveland
Press, 1996, pp. 152–153 and 172.
8. C. F. Gottschlich, in Air Pollution, 2nd ed. (A. C. Stern, ed.), Academic, New York, 1968,
Vol. 3, pp. 437–455.
9. S. Oglesby et al., A Manual of Electrostatic Precipitator Technology, Part 1, PB-196-380,
APTD 0610, PHS CPA 22-69-73 Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, 1970.
10. M. Robinson, in Electrostatic Precipitation in Air Pollution Control, Part I (W. Strauss, ed.),
Wiley–Interscience, New York, 1971, pp. 256–281.
11. G. B. Nichols, Proc. Symp. Control Fine-Particulate Emissions Ind. Sources, 1974, pp.
142–144.
12. H. J. White, Industrial Electrostatic Precipitation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1963.