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Emerging Pollution Control Technologies 485

Fig. 17. Relative cost-effectiveness of APCD for point-source VOC controls. (From US EPA.)

into the anode, or electrically negative post of the fuel cell; (2) in the middle of the fuel
cell, the “electrolyte” takes an electron from the hydrogen atom, using it to produce
electricity; and (3) the cathode, the electrically positive post of the fuel cell, is where
electrons recombine with the hydrogen and oxygen to yield water (9,10,44–46,48).
With water as the end product, fuel-cell-powered automobiles will not pollute the air.
The total amount of carbon dioxide gases (global warming gases) produced by the
United States will be significantly reduced when these types of vehicle are commer-
cially available at an affordable price.
The potential for development of fuel-cell-powered (or hydrogen-fueled) vehicles is
very high. As seen next, three major automakers are developing their own hydrogen-
fueled vehicles with promising results (45).
10.3.1. Toyota
Toyota Motor Corp. developed a fuel-cell hybrid sports utility vehicle that has an
electric motor rated at 109 hp and 194 lb-ft of torque and is powered by