Page 9 - Air pollution and greenhouse gases from basic concepts to engineering applications for air emission control

viii Contents

2.1.2 Avogadro Constant and Molar Weight . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.3 Gas Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.4 Density and Specific Volume of a Gas . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.5 Ideal Gas Law and Dalton’sLaw.. .. ... .. ... .. 33
2.1.6 Kinetic Energy of Gas Molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1.7 Gas Mean Free Path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.1.8 Number of Collisions with Wall/Surface . . . . . . . . . 40
2.1.9 Diffusivity of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.1.10 Viscosity of a Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2 Gas Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.1 Reynolds Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.2 Bernoulli’s Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.3 Boundary Layer and Drag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3 Gas-Liquid Interfacial Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.1 Solubility and Henry’sLaw. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 48
2.3.2 Raoult’s Law for Ideal Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.3 A Real Gas–Liquid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.4 Interfacial Mass Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.4 Practice Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References and Further Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3 Basics of Gas Combustion. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 59
3.1 Air–Fuel Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2 Combustion Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2.1 Stoichiometric Combustion with Dry
Air at Low Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.2.2 Fuel Lean Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2.3 Fuel Rich Combustion with Dry Air at Low
Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.4 Complex Fossil Fuel Combustion Stoichiometry . . . 67
3.3 Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.1 Chemical Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.2 Chemical Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.3.3 Chemical Equilibrium in Gaseous Combustion
Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.4 The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation. . . . . . . . . 78
3.4 Thermodynamics of Combustion System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4.1 First Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4.2 Enthalpy Scale for Reacting System . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.4.3 Heating Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82