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Intro to Politics Communication (5th edn)-p.qxp 9/2/11 10:55 Page 212

NOTES

11 The Local Government Act 1986, London, HMSO, 1986.
12 Consultation Paper on the Reform of Party Political Broadcasting, p. 3.

7 PARTY POLITICAL COMMUNICATION II: POLITICAL PUBLIC
RELATIONS
1 A video of the incident can be seen at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tbh
PWAMx2y0.
2 For details of the most important of the American political public relations
specialists, see Chagall, 1981.
3 On coming to power in 1997, the Labour government reformed the operation of
Prime Minister’s question time, reducing its frequency from twice per week to
once while increasing the duration of sessions. As this book went to press, opinion
remained divided as to whether this had improved the opportunities for the Prime
Minister to be questioned by opposing members of parliament (by allowing for
more sustained and detailed questioning), or restricted them by reducing his
exposure.
4 ITV, 24 May 1987.
5 Butler and Kavanagh, for example, write of the ‘triumphalism’ of the Sheffield
rally (1992, p. 139).
6 At the outset of the 1992 general election campaign Channel 4 broadcast a
documentary, presented by Guardian columnist Hugo Young, in which a
succession of journalists and analysts made clear their concerns about the
democratic implications of intensifying media management by politicians
(Danger to Democracy, Channel 4, 1992).
7 For whom Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie have performed in television advertise-
ments.
8 As Eric Shaw observes: ‘this involved creating product recognition through the
use of trademarks and slogans; differentiating the product from others by creating
a unique selling proposition; encouraging the audience to want the product by
enveloping it in a set of favourable associations; committing the audience to the
product and its associated promises by inducing it to identify with all the advert’s
symbolised meaning and ensuring that the audience recalls the product and its
need for it by repeated messages’ (1994, p. 65).
9 Quoted in D. Hencke, ‘The Cycle Continues’, Press Gazette, 21 January 2000.
10 To read the Hutton report, and view documents and evidence, see http://www.the-
hutton-inquiry.org.uk/index.htm.
11 Interim report of the Government Communication Review Group.
12 B. Phillis, An Independent Review of Government Communications, HMSO,
2004. Available online at www.gcreview.gov.uk.
13 A. Campbell, ‘We Will Survive’, Guardian, 22 December 1997.

8 PRESSURE-GROUP POLITICS AND THE OXYGEN OF PUBLICITY
1 In Classes in Contemporary Capitalism (1975), for example, Poulantzas argues
that in addition to social classes defined by the exploiter/exploited relationship,
each social formation also includes fractions or strata within classes, and what he
terms ‘social categories’, such as intellectuals and bureaucrats, members of which
may belong to several different social classes.
2 Business organisations, of course, use pubic relations techniques to influence the
political environment in more general ways, particularly if, as is the case with the
nuclear power industry, the product is politically controversial (Dionisopoulos,

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