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viii Contents

2.3.6 Practical Cost/Performance Issues 68
2.3.7 Passive Intermodulation Products and Their Avoidance 69
2.3.8 Use of Computer Simulation 71
2.3.9 Arrays with Remotely Controlled Electrical Parameters 72
2.3.10 Antennas for TD-SCDMA Systems 78
2.3.11 Measurement Techniques for Base Station Antennas 80
2.3.12 Array Optimization and Fault Diagnosis 83
2.3.13 RADHAZ 86
2.3.14 Visual Appearance and Planning Issues 87
2.3.15 Future Directions 91
References 93

Chapter 3. Antennas for Mobile Communications:
CDMA, GSM, and WCDMA 95
3.1 Introduction 95
3.1.1 Requirements for Indoor Base Station Antennas 95
3.1.2 Requirements for Outdoor Base Station Antennas 96
3.2 Case Studies 98
3.2.1 An Eight-Element-Shaped Beam Antenna Array 98
3.2.2 A 90ç Linearly Polarized Antenna Array 106
3.2.3 A Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Array 111
3.2.4 A Broadband Monopolar Antenna for Indoor Coverage 117
3.2.5 A Single-Feed Dual-Band Patch Antenna for
Indoor Networks 122
3.3 Conclusion 126
3.4 Acknowledgment 126
References 127

Chapter 4. Advanced Antennas for Radio Base Stations 129
4.1 Benefits of Advanced Antennas 130
4.2 Advanced Antenna Technologies 131
4.3 Three-Sector Reference System 132
4.4 Three-Sector Omnidirectional Antenna 134
4.5 Higher Order Receive Diversity 137
4.5.1 Field Trial 138
4.6 Transmit Diversity 139
4.7 Antenna Beamtilt 139
4.7.1 Case Study 146
4.8 Modular High-Gain Antenna 148
4.8.1 Case Study 150
4.8.2 Field Trial 153
4.9 Higher Order Sectorization 154
4.9.1 Case Study 156
4.10 Fixed Multibeam Array Antenna 157
4.10.1 Field Trials 161
4.10.2 Migration Strategy 165
4.11 Steered Beam Array Antenna 167
4.12 Amplifier Integrated Sector Antenna 168
4.12.1 Case Study 169
4.13 Amplifier Integrated Multibeam Array Antenna 171
4.14 Conclusion 173
References 174