Page 17 - Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

12 Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

are being used extensively in medical applications (http://www.3dmd.com/3dmd-
customer-research/). Some work that reported the use of motion scanning in the field
of clothing is discussed in the succeeding text.

1.2.3.3 Applications of 4-D anthropometry in garment industry
Effect of movement on body measurements
Loercher et al. (2018) of the Hohenstein Institute, Germany, collected motion data of
several subjects and calculated the difference in measurement between the static pose
and movement poses. The smallest and the largest difference in a body part caused by
different poses were estimated. Designing the clothing to cover this entire range of
measurements around that body part can ensure ergonomic clothing comfort.
Motion-related studies can be particularly useful in studying the bodies of people with
disabilities. As each body varies in shape and size, peculiarities of each body type can
be observed and clothing designed accordingly. Information about the deformation in
soft tissues and permanent change in body shape can also be collected. Interaction of
body with clothing and how it changes with different body poses can also be studied.

1.2.3.4 Estimation of air volume and ease
Estimation of air volume between the body and clothing is a measure of clothing ease
and determines the ease of movement of the user. At the same time the volume of air
trapped between the body and clothing and within the multilayers of clothing deter-
mines the thermal insulation of the body. It is known that insulation increases linearly
with increase in air gap, as long as no convection is present. If the gap is too much,
convection causes a bellow effect, and insulation is reduced. Therefore a single large
air space is less insulating than a number of smaller spaces trapped between layers. In
order to apply these principles of insulation to clothing design, an accurate estimation
of the air volume inside clothing is required. It is a complex parameter to measure on a
clothed and moving body. The 3-D scanning technique has been shown to be an accu-
rate and reproducible method for quantification of air volume under clothing (Daanen
et al., 2002).
Petrak et al. (2018) used a 3-D body scanner to quantify the overall and microcli-
matic change in the volume of an outerwear jacket brought about by upper-limb posi-
tions simulating functional reach movements of aircrew personnel. The overall
volume of a clothed versus unclothed body was determined and calculation of air layer
between the second- and third-layer garment also estimated. Data from such studies
can help quantify the exact amount of ease required in the garment at specific areas
such as the chest and waist so as to achieve optimum wearing comfort in
performance wear.
Mert et al. (2018,b) used motion scanning to quantify the change in air gap thick-
ness and contact area between a moving body and clothing during Alpine skiing.
A 3-D avatar wearing a loose- and tight-fit coverall was simulated in alpine skiing
poses, and the dynamic change of air gap thickness due to these positions was esti-
mated. Results are useful in quantifying heat and mass transfer from the moving body