Page 10 - Artificial Intelligence for Computational Modeling of the Heart

List of figures ix

List of figures

Fig. 1.1 Diagram of heart anatomy and blood flow. (Source: Wikipedia.) 4
Fig. 1.2 Examples of heart geometries. Left panel: analytical, prolate
spheroidal model of the two ventricles. Right panel:
patient-specific model estimated from medical images. 5
Fig. 1.3 Example of heart fiber model computed using rule-based
approach on a patient-specific heart anatomy. 6
Fig. 1.4 Example of MRI with delayed enhancement of gadolinium
highlighting a transmural scar (yellow arrows (light gray in print
version)) in the septum and apex of the heart. (Source: Wikipedia.) 7
Fig. 1.5 Schematic depiction of the electrical conduction system of the
heart. 1. Sinoatrial node, 2. Atrioventricular node, 3. Bundle of His,
4. Left bundle branch, 5. Left posterior fascicle, 6. Left anterior
fascicle, 7. Left ventricle, 8. Ventricular septum, 9. Right ventricle,
10. Right bundle branch. (Source: Wikipedia.) 8
Fig. 1.6 Relationships between model parameters and shape of the action
potential. Model parameters can be directly related to clinical
parameters. 12
Fig. 1.7 Left: Schematic representation of the electrocardiography leads
used in 12-lead ECG (source: Wikipedia). Right: Idealized model of
a portion of the human torso, color coded by the surface electrical
signal and with overlaid location of ECG electrodes. 15
Fig. 1.8 Illustration of an advanced version of the Hill–Maxwell rheological
model of cardiac biomechanics. 18
Fig. 1.9 Diagram illustrating the structure of a sarcomere, with the
different myofilaments. (Source: Wikipedia.) 22
Fig. 1.10 Diagram illustrating the different steps of the sliding myofilaments
mechanism. (Source: Wikipedia.) 23
Fig. 1.11 Lumped parameter model representing the whole body
circulation. Heart systems are in red (dark gray in print version),
systemic and pulmonary circulations in blue (light gray in print
version). 29
Fig. 1.12 Computation examples using the lumped valve to model pathology
like insufficient and stenotic valves. Left panel: LV PV loops in the
case of regurgitant valves. Blue (dark gray in print version) – no
regurgitations, red (light gray in print version) – mitral
regurgitation, green (mid gray in print version) – aortic
regurgitation. Right panel: LV PV loops for aortic stenosis of
increasing degrees. Blue (dark gray in print version) – normal,
green (mid gray in print version) – mild, red (gray in print version)–
moderate, cyan (light gray in print version) – severe. The abscissa
3
units are mm and the ordinate units are kPa. 30
Fig. 1.13 Fluid structure interaction system for cardiac haemodynamics
computation. The interactions between the electromechanical
model, valves and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model
are controlled by the FSI interface module. 37