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viii AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS

2.4 Latent Print Processing 36
2.5 The First AFIS System 37
2.6 Growth and Development of AFIS Systems 39
2.7 IAFIS: The AFIS That Changed the World of Fingerprint Automation 41
2.7.1 Transmission Standard 46
2.7.2 FBI and Other Implementations of the ANSI Standard 47
2.7.3 Image Quality Specifications 48
2.7.4 Compression Standard 49
2.7.5 Conclusion 50
2.7.6 Current Challenges 50

CHAPTER 3 FINGERPRINTS ARE UNIQUE 53
3.1 Names 53
3.2 Identification Documents 54
3.2.1 Driver’s License 55
3.2.2 Passport 57
3.3 Photographs 59
3.4 DNA 61
3.5 Fingerprints 61
3.5.1 Physical Characteristics 61
3.5.2 Proven Uniqueness? 62
3.5.3 Image Quality 64
3.6 Classification Systems 66
3.6.1 The NCIC System 66
3.6.2 The Henry and American Classification Systems 68
3.6.3 Filing Systems 70

CHAPTER 4 AFIS SUMMARY—HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS 73
4.1 Databases 73
4.2 Processing Overview 76
4.2.1 Tenprint 76
4.2.2 The Latent Print Process 80
4.2.3 Unsolved Latent Search 83
4.2.4 Latent/Latent Search 84
4.3 Why AFIS Systems Work 84
4.4 Why Are Some Identifications Missed? 86

CHAPTER 5 FROM PRINT TO IDENTIFICATION 89
5.1 AFIS Components 89
5.1.1 Physical Layout of AFIS 90
5.1.2 AFIS Hardware 90
5.1.3 Coders 93
5.1.4 RAID Storage 95
5.1.5 Matchers 96