Page 62 - Becoming Metric Wise

52 Becoming Metric-Wise

or a repository, but also, if this is not done, in a published article, book,
or any other form of official publication.
For scientometric studies, one needs official data (and dates), hence
citation delay is best defined as the time between publication and the
time of actual publication of an article that cites the original one.
Haustein, Bowman, and Costas (2015) propose using the online date as
the official publication date of journal articles, where the online date is
defined as the date on which the journal article is first made available on
the publisher’s website.

3.2 OPEN ACCESS (OA)

3.2.1 The Open Access Idea
The worldwide OA movement (a term coined around 2000) is a reaction
to the fact that universities, research institutes, and other scientific
institutions are confronted with huge increases in the price of journal
subscriptions, leading to cancellations and hence nonavailability of scien-
tific information. Moreover, high journal prices hit developing countries
the most. The resulting pressures made university leaders and govern-
ments aware of the fact that their researchers produce the knowledge (for
free) for which the libraries must pay publishers. In this context, it is
often mentioned that the results of research done by taxpayer’s money
should be available to these same taxpayers, and this free of charge.
According to the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI, 2002) OA is
defined as follows:
By Open Access ... we mean free availability on the public Internet permitting
any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full
texts of articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use
them for any lawful purpose without financial, legal, or technical barriers other
than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only con-
straint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this
domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and
the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.
The goals of the BOAI can be achieved in different ways, leading to
so-called Gold and Green OA.

3.2.2 Definitions: Gold and Green Open Access
The term “open access” refers to giving access to publications. In that
context one makes a distinction between Green and Gold OA