Page 232 - Berkshire Encyclopedia Of World History Vol Two

du bois, w. e. b. 581

The voodoo priest and all his powders were as nothing compared to espresso, cappuccino,
and mocha, which are stronger than all the religions of the world combined, and perhaps
stronger than the human soul itself. • Mark Helprin (twentieth century)

politicians generally preferred alcohol taxation to stricter Goodman, J., Lovejoy, P. E., & Sherratt, A. (Eds.). (1995). Consuming
forms of control. That most of these politicians enjoyed habits: Drugs in history and anthropology. London: Routledge.
Jankowiak,W., & Bradburd, D. (Eds.). (2003). Drugs, labor, and colonial
alcohol themselves was another factor, elites being dis- expansion. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
inclined to outlaw their own vices. Lewin, L. (1998). Phantastica: A classic survey on the use and abuse of
mind-altering plants (P. H.A.Wirth,Trans.). Rochester,VT: Park Street
The popularity of cigarettes conferred similar advan-
Press. (Original work published 1924)
tages on tobacco companies, at least until the late twen- McAllister, W. B. (2000). Drug diplomacy in the twentieth century: An
tieth century, when the educated classes in Western international history. New York: Routledge.
Mintz, S.W. (1985). Sweetness and power:The place of sugar in modern
societies began shunning their products. The tobacco history. New York: Viking.
companies’ wealth nevertheless permitted them to pursue Myer, K., & Parssinen, T. (1998). Webs of smoke: Smugglers, warlords,
spies, and the history of the international drug trade. Lanham, MD:
a sophisticated strategy to save their business in the face
Rowman & Littlefield.
of damning medical evidence.They hired public relations Pendergrast, M. (1999). Uncommon grounds:The history of coffee and how
experts to obfuscate the health issue; deployed lobbyists it transformed our world. New York: Basic Books.
Porter, R., & Teich, M. (Eds.). (1995). Drugs and narcotics in history.
to block, delay, or water down antismoking measures; Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
advertised cigarettes as cool products to attract new Rubin,V. (Ed.). (1975). Cannabis and culture. The Hague, Netherlands:
Mouton.
teenage smokers; and aggressively expanded in develop-
Rudgley, R. (1993). Essential substances:A cultural history of intoxicants
ing nations, many of which lacked tobacco marketing reg- in society. New York: Kodansha International.
ulations. In 1999 and 2000World Health Organization Rudgley, R. (1999). The encyclopedia of psychoactive substances. New
York: St. Martin’s Press.
(WHO) investigators found that 11 percent of Latin Schivelbusch,W. (1992). Tastes of paradise:A social history of spices, stim-
American and Caribbean school children between the ulants, and intoxicants. (D. Jacobson,Trans.). New York: Pantheon.
Stares, P. B. (1996). Global habit:The drug problem in a borderless world.
ages of thirteen and fifteen had been offered free ciga-
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
rettes by tobacco industry representatives. In Russia the Terry, C. E., & Pellens, M. (1928). The opium problem. New York: Bureau
figure was 17 percent, in Jordan 25 percent. Outrage at of Social Hygiene.
such tactics, coupled with alarm over the health conse-
quences of the cigarette pandemic, prompted an interna-
tional anti-tobacco movement, not unlike the narcotic
control campaign of a century before.To date the princi-
pal diplomatic achievement of this movement has been Du Bois, W. E. B.
the WHO’s 2003 Framework Convention on Tobacco (1868–1963)
Control. This agreement commits signatories to such American writer and educator
goals as advertising restrictions, smoke-free environments,
and state-funded treatment for those trying to quit—an illiam Edward Burghardt Du Bois was one of the
ambitious agenda in a world of 1.3 billion smokers. Wmost important African American leaders in the
United States in the first half of the twentieth century. He
David T. Courtwright
made significant contributions as a journalist, sociologist,
See also Alcohol; Coffee historian, novelist, pamphleteer, civil rights leader, and
teacher. Among his many publications are sociological
studies as well as studies of the slave trade (1896), John
Further Reading
Brown (1909), and Reconstruction (1935).
Courtwright, D. T. (2001). Forces of habit: Drugs and the making of the
modern world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Du Bois was born on 23 February 1868, in Great Bar-
Davenport-Hines, R. (2002). The pursuit of oblivion: A global history of rington, Massachusetts. In 1884, he graduated from
narcotics. New York: Norton.
Goodman, J. (1993). Tobacco in history:The cultures of dependence. Lon- Great Barrington High School as valedictorian of his
don: Routledge. class. In 1888, Du Bois graduated from Fisk College in