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Moldova, Ukraine, and Belarus are beset by economic Mazower, M. (2000). The Balkans: A short history. New York: Modern
and political problems. Eastern Europe remains an Library.
Naimark, N., & Gibianskii, L. (Eds.). (1997). The establishment of Com-
exporter of natural resources.The principal resource now munist regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944–1949. Boulder, CO: West-
is labor: industrial workers find jobs throughoutWestern view Press.
Rothschild, J. (1974). East central Europe between the two World Wars.
Europe, while educated young people leave for universi-
Seattle: University of Washington Press.
ties—and jobs—in Western Europe and North America. Stavrianos, L. S. (2000). The Balkans since 1453. New York: New York
Some observers take these as positive signs of post- University Press.
Stokes, G. (1993). The walls came tumbling down: The collapse of Com-
Communist Eastern Europe’s integration with the world. munism in Eastern Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
But the road will be long. According to estimates, even Sugar, P. F. (1977). Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–
1804. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
the region’s most advanced countries (Poland, Hungary,
Sugar, P. F., & Lederer, I. J. (Eds.). (1984). Nationalism in Eastern
Czech Republic) will not reach Western European eco- Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
nomic levels for another fifty years. Szucs, J. (1983).The three historical regions of Europe: An outline. Acta
Historica Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae, 29, 131–84.
Turnock, D. (1989). Eastern Europe: An historical geography, 1815–
Bruce Berglund
1945. New York: Routledge.
Wandycz, P. S. (1992). The price of freedom: A history of east central
See also Europe; Inner Eurasia; Russian-Soviet Empire
Europe from the Middle Ages to the present. New York: Routledge.
Wolff, L. (1994). Inventing Eastern Europe:The map of civilization on the
mind of the Enlightenment. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Further Reading
Berend, I.T., & Ránki, G. (1974). Economic development in east-central
Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. New York: Columbia Univer-
sity Press.
Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism reframed: Nationhood and the national Economic Growth,
question in the new Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press.
Chirot, D. (Ed.). (1989). The origins of backwardness in Eastern Europe: Extensive and
Economics and politics from the Middle Ages until the early twentieth
century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dingsdale, A. (2002). Mapping modernities: Geographies of central and Intensive
Eastern Europe, 1920–2000. New York: Routledge.
Dvornik, F. (1956). The Slavs:Their early history and civilization. Boston:
American Academy of Arts & Sciences. conomic growth is an increase in the total value of
Hajnal, J. (1965). European marriage patterns in perspective. In Glass, Egoods and services produced by a given society.
D.V., & Eversley, D. E. C. (Eds.), Population in history: Essays in his-
torical demography. London: E. Arnold. There is little common agreement, however, on how
Hajnal, J. (1983). Two kinds of pre-industrial household formation sys- best to measure this value precisely. Many distortions are
tems. In Wall, R. (Ed.), Family forms in historic Europe. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press. possible even in societies where most goods and services
Halecki, O. (1952). Borderlands of Western civilization: A history of east are provided by specialists and exchanged for money—
central Europe. New York: Roland Press. so that prices provide some standard of measure of the
I ˙ nalcik, H., & Quataert, D. (1994). An economic and social history of the
Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. relative value people assign, for instance, to a sack of rice,
Janos, A. C. (2000). East central Europe in the modern world:The politics an hour of childcare, an automobile, or a concert ticket.
of the borderlands from pre- to postcommunism. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press. Measuring economic growth is still more difficult where
Johnson, L. R. (2001). Central Europe: Enemies, neighbors, friends (2nd economic activity is carried on outside the market, and
ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. thus not given a price that makes it comparable to other
Kaufman,T. D. (1995). Court, cloister, and city:The art and culture of cen-
tral Europe, 1450–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. products. (For example, if hired cooks are paid enough
Kenney, P. (2002). A carnival of revolution: Central Europe 1989. Prince- each hour to buy five square meters of cloth, then we
ton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Magocsi, P. R. (2002). Historical atlas of central Europe. Seattle: Uni- know something about how to add cooking and cloth-
versity of Washington Press. making together in an index of total value produced;