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Indeed, Elizabeth came to be known as “Gloriana,” a Williams, N. (1972). The life and times of Elizabeth I. London: George
name that reflected the triumphs of her reign. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Williams, P. (1998). The later Tudors: England 1547–1603. Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press.
Margaret Collinson and David Collinson
See also British Empire; Enlightenment, The; Scientific
Revolution
Empire

Further Reading mpire is one of the most commonly used terms in
Anthony, K. (1929). Queen Elizabeth. New York: Literary Guild. Eworld history. It appears in reference to a long list of
Cecil, D. (1973). The Cecils of Hatfield House. London: Constable and
Co. powerful states and societies, ranging from the ancient
Compton, P. (1933). Bad Queen Bess.Tonbridge, UK: Tonbridge Printers. Akkadians to contemporary America. Many of the lead-
Collinson, P. (1994). Elizabethan essays. Oxford, UK: Oxford University ing themes in world history—war, migration, and trade,
Press.
Erickson, C. (1999). The first Elizabeth. London: Robson Books. for example—arose in conjunction with empires, which
Fraser, A. (1992). The six wives of Henry VIII. London: Weidenfeld and touched the lives of immense numbers of peoples. “To
Nicholson.
Guy, J. (1988). Tudor England. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. write the history of empire,” Dominic Lieven has
Haigh, C. (1988). Elizabeth I. Harlow, UK: Longman. observed, “would be close to writing the history of
Hibbert, C. (1992). The virgin queen:The personal history of Elizabeth 1st. mankind” (2002, xiii).
Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
Irwin, M. (1962). Elizabeth and the prince of Spain. London: Chatto and The very pervasiveness of empire as a historical category
Windus. makes its meaning difficult to pin down. Definitions
Jenkins, E. (1958). Elizabeth and Leicester. London: Panther Books.
Jenkins, E. (1958). Elizabeth the great. Bungay, UK: Richard Clay and Co. abound. Typologies proliferate. The term is often used
Luke, M. (1970). A crown for Elizabeth. New York: Coward-McCann. interchangeably with “dynasty” and “civilization.” While
Luke, M. (1973). Gloriana:The years of Elizabeth.Toronto, Canada: Long- most historians are likely to agree that empire refers to the
man Canada.
Marshall, R. K. (1991). Elizabeth I. London: HMSO. political power exerted by a state or its agents over a cul-
Miles, R. (1994). I, Elizabeth. London: Pan Books. turally diverse group of peoples,this understanding of the
Milton, G. (2000). Big chief Elizabeth: How England’s adventurers gam-
bled and won the New World. London: Hodder and Stoughton. term is so vague as to accommodate any number of dif-
Neale, J. E. (1953). Elizabeth and her parliaments, 1559–1581. London: ferent historical phenomena, ranging from the
Jonathon Cape. continental-wide conquests of the Mongols to the
Neale, J. E. (1958). Essays in Elizabethan history. London: Jonathon
Cape. transoceanic extortions of the Portuguese.Moreover,even
Plowden, A. (1973). Danger to Elizabeth. London: Macmillan. this definition may not be broad enough to account for the
Plowden,A. (1980). Elizabeth Regina, 1588–1603. London: Macmillan.
Ross, J. (1994). The Tudors. London: Artus Books. meaning of empire associated,for example,with the Holy
Rowse, A. L. (1971). The Elizabethan renaissance:The life of the society. Roman Empire, a loose affiliation of central European
Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. states that shared a common allegiance to the Catholic
Sitwell, E. (1946). Fanfare for Elizabeth. London: Macmillan.
Somerset, A. (1997). Elizabeth I. London: Phoenix. faith. In the end, empire can be seen a kind of palimpsest
Starkey, D. (2000). Elizabeth: Apprenticeship. London: Chatto and on which historians have written about various subjects
Windus.
Strickland,A. (1906). The life of Queen Elizabeth. London: J. M. Dent and associated with the consolidation of communities into
Sons. large political units.
Thane, E. (1932). The Tudor wench. New York: Brewer, Warren and
Putnam.
Watkins, S. (1998). In public and in private: Elizabeth 1st and her world. Etymology and Uses
Singapore: C S Graphics. The term empire derives from the Latin imperium, which
Weir, A. (1999). Elizabeth the queen. London: Pimlico.
Williams, N. (1967). Elizabeth: Queen of England. London: William originally meant the sovereignty held by a magistrate, but
Clowes and Son. later evolved to refer to the authority that the ancient