Page 328 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol IV

roosevelt, eleanor 1629

rather than a “fall.” The material and intellectual culture Brown, P. (2003). The rise of western Christendom:Triumph and diversity,
of these new kingdoms remained recognizably that of A.D. 200–1000. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Crawford, M. (1982). The Roman republic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Rome,while their kings borrowed their political ideology, University Press.
symbols and rituals of rule,and administrative techniques Dodds, E. R. (1965). Pagan and Christian in an age of anxiety: Some
aspects of religious experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine.
from the Roman emperors. Furthermore many of these
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
kings either descended from or themselves had been gen- Gruen, E. S. (1974). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley
erals in the service of the Roman army (which had relied and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Lane Fox, R. (1987). Pagans and Christians. New York: Random House.
increasingly on foreign auxiliaries and military officers Lomas, K., & Cornell, T. (2003). “Bread and circuses”: Euergetism and
since the third century).Finally,when the western Roman municipal patronage in Roman Italy. London: Routledge.
L’Orange, H. P. (1965). Art forms and civic life in the late Roman
empire ceased to exist as a separate entity after the depo-
empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
sition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 CE, the emperor in Pagden, A. (1995). Lords of all the world: Ideologies of empire in Spain,
Constantinople simply claimed legal authority over the Britain and France c. 1500–c. 1800. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.
entire Roman imperium for himself and his successors. Scullard, H. H. (1988). From the Gracchi to Nero:A history of Rome from
The eastern Roman empire survived as a sovereign 133 B.C. to A.D. 68. London: Routledge.
Syme, R. (1939). The Roman revolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University
state until 1453, having in the meantime provided a pro-
Press.
totype for the revival by the Frankish king Charlemagne Treadgold,W. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. Stan-
of a Roman empire that endured in western Europe from ford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Veyne, P. (1997). The Roman empire. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of
800 to 1806. After Constantinople fell, Russian czars Harvard University Press.
and Ottoman sultans each proclaimed themselves suc- Wells, C. M. (1995). The Roman empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-
versity Press.
cessors to the Roman emperors.Their states survived into
the twentieth century and thus, in a way, so did the
Roman empire. More significantly, the ideas, symbols,
institutions, and laws of that empire have provided mod-
els for many other states and governing institutions Roosevelt,
through the centuries and continue to do so today, a par-
tial explanation for why the events of Roman history can Eleanor
productively be used by politicians, journalists, and schol- (1884–1962)
ars to illuminate current social and political concerns. Diplomat and humanitarian ,
wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Scott C.Wells

See also Art—Ancient Greece and Rome; Byzantine nna Eleanor Roosevelt, one of the world’s most
Empire; Caesar,Augustus; Caesar, Julius; Constantine the Awidely admired and powerful women in her time,
Great; Justinian I was the daughter of Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall
Roosevelt and the niece of Theodore Roosevelt, the
26th president of the United States. She grew up in a
Further Reading wealthy family that attached great value to community
Adcock, F. E. (1959). Roman political ideas and practice. Ann Arbor: Uni- service. It was, however, a family touched by tragedy. One
versity of Michigan Press. brother died when Eleanor was nine, and both her par-
Barton, C. A. (1993). The sorrows of the ancient Romans: The gladiator
and the monster. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ents died before she was ten. Relatives raised her and her
Boatwright, M. T. (2004). The Romans: From village to empire. Oxford, surviving brother.
UK: Oxford University Press.
Brown, P. (1982). Society and the holy in late antiquity. Berkeley and Los When she was fifteen, her family enrolled her at
Angeles: University of California Press. Allenswood, a girls boarding school outside London.The