Page 99 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol IV

1400 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

century or the creation–evolution debate that began with the throne. However, it is certain that the major events of
the work of Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century but his lifetime occurred in the early fourteenth century.
which was more characteristic of the twentieth century. The son of Ertugrul, Osman led a small emirate in
Anatolia (modern Turkey). It was but one of numerous
Allyne L. Smith, Jr.
Turkic emirates in the region. Originally, Osman and his
See also Catholicism, Roman father had entered the service of the Seljuks with a small
following, fleeing westward away from the Mongols.After
his father’s death, Osman’s emirate increased in power,
Further Reading often at the expense of the Seljuks, and Osman expanded
Baum,W., & Winkler, D.W. (2003). The Church of the East:A concise his- his territory in order to gain more pasturage for his no-
tory. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Cunningham, M. (2002). Faith in the Byzantine world. Downers Grove, madic troops. He grew sufficiently strong that his forces
IL: InterVarsity Press. successfully repulsed a few attempts by the Mongols to
Lossky, V. (2002). The mystical theology of the Eastern Church. Crest-
wood, NY: St.Vladimir’s Seminary Press. impose their authority over him.
Meyendorff, J. (1981). The Orthodox Church: Its past and its role in the From coins dating from the era, it is known that Osman
world today (4th rev. ed.). Crestwood, NY: St.Vladimir’s Seminary was an independent ruler by 1281 and that he fought
Press.
Meyendorff, J. (1996). Rome, Constantinople, Moscow: Historical and the- with Byzantine forces on numerous occasions, usually
ological studies. Crestwood, NY: St.Vladimir’s Seminary Press. emerging as the victor. His base of operations was in the
Papadakis, A. (1994). The Christian East and the rise of the papacy: The
Church, 1071–1453 AD. Crestwood, NY: St.Vladimir’s Seminary Press. Sakarya river valley in northwestern Anatolia. However,
Sherrard, P. (1995). The Greek East and the Latin West: A study in the details from the contemporary sources are very sketchy,
Christian tradition. Limni, Greece: Denise Harvey. and most knowledge of his activities seem to be based in
Sherrard, P. (1996). Church, papacy, schism: A theological inquiry.
Limni, Greece: Denise Harvey. tradition rather any historical record. Nonetheless, it is
Smith, A. (1998). Divine liturgy. In P. Steeves (Ed.), Modern encyclope- known that his forces operated on the frontier of the
dia of religions in Russia and Eurasia (Vol. 7). Gulf Breeze, FL: Aca-
demic International Press. Islamic world and that of the Byzantines. Osman defeated
Smith, A. (2004). Eastern Orthodoxy (pacifism in). In G. Palmer- the Byzantines near Nikomedia (Izmit) and also at Katoi-
Fernandez (Ed.), The encyclopedia of religion and war. New York: kia. It is unclear when these battles occurred; the con-
Routledge.
Smith, A., et al. (2000). Orthodoxy. In G. Ferngren (Ed.), The history temporary chronicler, Pachymeres, however, places them
of science and religion in the western tradition. New York: Garland before 1307. Although Osman enjoyed success against
Publishing.
Ware, T. (1993). The Orthodox church (rev. ed.). New York: Penguin the Byzantines, it was not uniform as he failed to take
Books. Bursa and Iznik.
Watson, J. H. (2000). Among the Copts. Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Osman’s role in world history is greater than his
Press.
actions during his lifetime would indicate. He established
the foundations for one of the greatest Muslim empires,
and indeed, greatest empires of any kind, in history. His
immediate successors continued to expand the nascent
Osman I Ottoman state far beyond the small part of Anatolia that

(c. 1258–c. 1326) Osman ruled.While it is uncertain how much of a factor
Founder of the Ottoman empire religion actually played in the wars between Osman and
the Byzantines, it became part of Ottoman tradition that
sman, from whose name comes the name of the the Ottomans started off as Muslim warriors who lived
OOttoman empire (Osman is ‘Uthman in Arabic, on the frontier specifically to do battle with nonbelievers.
hence Othman and Ottoman), is known to us more from
Timothy May
legend than from historical evidence. It is not, for in-
stance, known when precisely he was born or ascended See also Ottoman Empire