Page 153 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

1930 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

In middle- and low-income countries, freed of colonial Cities transformed: Demographic change and its implications in the
controls, the rush to the cities began in the 1960s and developing world. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Sassen, S. (2001). The global city (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni-
accelerated through the end of the century. The combi- versity Press.
nation of low income and inadequate transportation Scott, A. J. (2001). Global city-regions: Trends, theory, policy. New York:
Oxford University Press.
resulted in a repetition of the West’s nineteenth-century
Short, J. R., & Kim, Y. H. (1999). Globalization and the city. London:
experience of mounting social problems, even as the new Longman.
cities became the loci of social and economic transfor- Waller, M. (2000). 1700: Scenes from London life. London: Hodder &
Stoughton.
mation. What is notable is the difference in scale. Much Weber, A. F. (1899). The growth of cities in the nineteenth century: A
of the change is occurring in significantly larger places. Of study in statistics. New York: Macmillan.
Wells, H. G. (1999). Anticipations of the reaction of mechanical and sci-
a total world urban population of 2.86 billion in 2000,
entific progress on human life and thought. New York: Dover. (Orig-
75 percent resided in developing-world cities. The new inal work published 1902)
population concentrations include two-thirds of the Wheatley, P. (1971).The pivot of the four quarters. Chicago: Aldine.
Wrigley, E. A. (1987). People, cities, and wealth. Oxford, UK: Basil
world’s 10-million-plus population megacities. The Blackwell.
United Nations projects that by 2030 83 percent of the
world’s 5 billion urbanites will reside in middle- and low-
income countries in dense urban networks dominated by
25–30 megacities.We have yet to learn what the conse-
quences will be, but they will surely be no less radical Utopia
than those of the two centuries just past.
he word utopia, coined by Thomas More (1478–
Brian J. L. Berry
T1535) in his political fantasy of the same name, lit-
See also Migrations; World Cities in History—Overview erally means “nowhere” (from the Greek ou = no, topos =
place) but has come to be applied to any fictional or
actual community based on social and political idealism.
Further Reading
Although utopias and utopianism are associated with
Bairoch, P. (1988). Cities and economic development: From the dawn of
history to the present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. modern Western political literature and social move-
Berry, B. J. L. (1982). Comparative urbanization: Divergent paths in the ments, they exist in many cultures throughout world his-
twentieth century. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. tory and might be typically characterized as literary,
Berry, B. J. L. (1990). Urbanization. In B. L.Turner II,W. C. Clark, R.W.
Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews, & W. B. Meyer (Eds.), The earth philosophical, or historical.
as transformed by human action: Global and regional changes in the
biosphere over the past 300 years (pp. 103–119). Cambridge, UK: Literary Utopias
Cambridge University Press.
Chandler,T. (1987). Four thousand years of urban growth: An historical A frequently documented fantasy in both folk and formal
census. Lewiston, ME: St. David’s University Press. literatures of many different cultures across world history
DeVries, J. (1981). Patterns of urbanization in preindustrial Europe:
1500–1800. In H. Schmal (Ed.), Patterns of European urbanization is that of the ideal world in which there is comfort, ease,
since 1500 (pp. 77–109). London: Croom Helm. and plenty for all. Greeks such as Hesiod (c. 800 BCE)
Eisenstadt, S. N., & Shachar,A. (1987). Society, culture, and urbanization.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. and Romans including Virgil (70–19 BCE) and Ovid (43
Hall, P. (1999). Cities in civilisation: Culture, innovation, and urban order. BCE–?CE) imagined an early stage in human history (the
London: Phoenix Orion. golden age) in which people and gods lived together in
Hall, P., & Pfeiffer, U. (2000). Urban future 21: A global agenda for
twenty-first century cities. London: E. & F. N. Spon. harmony. In Arcadia Virgil imagined peasants enjoying
Knox, P. L. (1994). Urbanization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. effortless agrarian work resulting in nature’s bounty.The
Knox, P. L., & Taylor, P. (1995). World cities in a world-system. Cam-
bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Hebrew scriptures’ book of Genesis begins with a simi-
Montgomery, M. R., Stren, R., Cohen, B., & Reed, H. E. (Eds.). (2003). lar original golden age in the Garden of Eden, which