Page 176 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

warfare—china 1953

as laborers. These experiences—both directly for partic- successor, the African Union)—helped to reduce this
ipants and observers as well as indirectly for those who new form of African warfare. Perhaps more significantly,
later heard about them—brought the reality of modern other African countries, such as Zimbabwe and South
warfare fully into the African consciousness. Africa managed to avert postcolonial warfare, breaking
With the advent of renewed warfare between the Euro- the patterns of national violence that has plagued Euro-
pean powers in 1939, Africans were again recruited for pean nations since the sixteenth century.
military service.Their most significant deployment on the
Melvin E. Page
continent was during the North African campaigns,
where large numbers were trained as truck drivers. Other
Africans served overseas, many in campaigns to repel the Further Reading
recent Japanese conquest of Southeast Asian territories as Clayton,A. (1999). Frontiersmen:Warfare in Africa since 1950. London:
well as with units sent to Europe in the effort to turn back UCL Press.
Davidson, B. (1992). The black man’s burden: Africa and the curse of the
Nazi occupation. On returning home, these men fre-
nation-state. New York: Times Books.
quently felt dissatisfied with the rewards they were given Featherstone, D. F. (1992). Victorian colonial warfare: Africa. New York:
for their service; not infrequently they were soon after Sterling.
Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (Ed.). (1965). The French at Kilwa island.
involved in various protests against continued colonial Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
domination in Africa. Gump, J. O. (1994). The dust rose like smoke. Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press.
Jeal,T. (1973). Livingstone. New York: Putnam.
Contemporary Kenyatta, J. (1938). Facing Mount Kenya: The tribal life of the Gikuyu.
African Warfare London: Secker & Warburg.
Killingray, D., & Omissi, D. (Eds.). (1999). Guardians of empire. New
One of the responses to these protests by former soldiers York: St. Martin’s Press.
was the expansion of colonial military units and the Killingray, D., & Rathbone, R. (Eds.). (1986). Africa and the Second
World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
advance of some Africans to officer corps.Thus, when the
Marcus, H. G. (1994). A history of Ethiopia. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
protests led to independence for many African colonial University of California Press.
territories, the resultant new states came with ready- Morris, D. (1967). The naked ape. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Moyse-Bartlett, H. (1956). The King’s African Rifles. Aldershot, UK: Gale
made national armies. On the one hand these armies & Polden.
served as agents of nation building, employing increasing Niane, D.T. (1965). Sundiata:An epic of old Mali (G. D. Pickett,Trans.).
London: Longman.
numbers of citizens and frequently engaging in public-
Page, M. E. (Ed.). (1987). Africa and the First World War. New York: St.
works activities. But on the other they were frequently Martin’s Press.
agents for the settling of various disputes, both real and Page, M. E. (2000). The Chiwaya war: Malawians and the First World War.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
imagined, which came with the demands of European- Rotberg, R. (Ed.). (2000). Peacekeeping and peace enforcement in Africa.
induced concepts of sovereignty and nationality. In this Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Shack, W. A., & Skinner, E. P. (Eds.). (1979). Strangers in African soci-
context, any number of perceived slights or even ethnic
eties. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
differences could—and sometimes did—escalate into
warfare.
The resulting pattern of conflict, well known from ear-
lier examples of developing European nationalism, was
civil war, mostly notably in Congo, Angola, Nigeria, Warfare—China
Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Rwanda. Other African
countries, including Uganda, Sierra Leone, and the long- hina, until very modern times, never faced an
independent Liberia, faced internal rebellion. Significant Cequally powerful, proximate civilization; warfare
international peacekeeping efforts—including important alternated between a unified China contesting with
initiatives of the Organization of African Unity (and its nomadic peoples on its borders and a China divided in