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emphasized the psychological, preparing their men and collapse. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Cottrell, L. (1962). The tiger of Qin:The dramatic emergence of China as
seeking to convert their enemy. In time, as Communist a nation. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
strength increased and Nationalist forces weakened, the Ellemen, B.A. (2001). Modern Chinese warfare, 1795–1989. New York:
Routledge.
Communists fought in larger units, and in 1948, large,
Graff, D. A., & Higham, R. (Eds.). (2002). A military history of China.
well-armed, Communist armies with more traditional Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
tactics compelled the surrender of Chiang’s best troops. Hail,W. J. (1964). Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion, with a short
sketch of his later career. New York: Paragon Book Reprint
won the Battle of the Huai Hai, destroying another Corporation.
500,000 Nationalist troops. In April 1949 Mao’s forces Hooten, E. R. (1991). The great tumult: The Chinese civil war, 1936–
1949. New York: MacMillan.
crossed the Chang River in many places, and by Decem-
Hsiung, J. C., & Levine, S. I. (Eds.). (1992). China’s bitter victory:The war
ber 1949, Chinese Communist units had reached as far with Japan, 1937–1945. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
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fare. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Since gaining control of the mainland in 1949, the Levathes, L. (1994). When China ruled the seas: The treasure fleet of the
Communist rulers of China have fought only to defend Dragon Throne, 1400–1433. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Loewe, M. (1974). Crisis and conflict in Han China, 104 BC to AD 9. Lon-
what they perhaps broadly define as their interests.Wor-
don: Allen & Unwin.
ried about the intent of the UN forces moving to the Yalu Mote, F. W. (1999). Imperial China, 900–1800. Cambridge, MA: Har-
River in October and November 1950, China inter- vard University Press.
Peers, C. (1998). Warlords of China: 700 BC to AD 1662. London: Arms
vened in the Korean War. Following attack and counter- and Armour Press.
attack into April 1951, the front in Korea largely Powell, R. L. (1955). The rise of Chinese military power, 1895–1912.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
stabilized, and an armistice in July 1953 ended the out-
Salisbury, H. E. (1985). The Long March: The untold story. New York:
right confrontation of the People’s Republic of China and Harper & Row.
the United States. Scobell, A. (2003). China’s use of military force: Beyond the Great Wall
and the Long March. New York: Cambridge University Press.
There have been border disputes with India in 1962 Torday, L. (1997). Mounted archers:The beginnings of Central Asian his-
and in 1979 with Vietnam, and there continues to be tory. Cambridge, MA: Durham Academic Press.
Westad, O. A. (2003). Decisive encounters:The Chinese civil war, 1946–
tension over the fate of the island of Taiwan, where the
1950. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Nationalists established themselves after losing the Wilson, A. (1976). The “ever-victorious army”: A history of the Chinese
mainland. China conducted its first nuclear test in campaign under Lt. Col. C. G. Gordon and of the suppression of the
T’ai-ping rebellion. Arlington, VA: University Publications of
1964, joining the ranks of the world’s nuclear powers. America.
Today the world’s most populous nation and the Wilson, D. (1971). The long march, 1935: The epic of Chinese Commu-
nism’s survival. New York: Viking Press.
world’s third-largest nuclear power, China’s military
Wilson, D. (1982). When tigers fight:The story of the Sino-Japanese war,
strength is sobering. 1937–1945. New York: Viking Press.
Xiao, Q. (1978). The military establishment of the Yuan dynasty. Cam-
Charles M. Dobbs bridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Further Reading
Appleman, R. E. (1989). Disaster in Korea: The Chinese confront Warfare—Europe
MacArthur. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Brent, P. L. (1976). The Mongol empire: Genghis Khan, his triumph and
his legacy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
Chan, A. (1982). The glory and fall of the Ming dynasty. Norman: Uni- arfare has riddled Europe since antiquity, espe-
versity of Oklahoma Press. Wcially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Chassin, L. M. (1965). The Communist conquest of China: A history of
the civil war, 1945–1949. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University when armed European conflicts had an impact on the
Press. whole world.