Page 244 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

warfare, origins of 2021

the Japanese opened accurate fire on the Russians at over Hagan, K. J. (Ed.). (1984). In peace and war: Interpretations of American
5,000 yards. By the 1940s ships engaged at ranges triple naval history, 1775–1984.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Hill, J. R. (Ed.). (1995). The Oxford history of the royal navy. New York:
those of 1905, and aircraft launched from carriers Oxford University Press.
extended that range to hundreds of miles. By 2000 the Keegan, J. (1988). The price of admiralty:The evolution of naval warfare.
New York: Penguin Books.
use of ship- and air-launched missiles, as well as air-to-air
Kennedy, P. M. (1976). The rise and fall of British naval mastery. New
refueling, moved the hypothetical engagement range well York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
beyond 1,000 miles. Faced with ever deadlier weapons, Mahan, A. T. (1918). The influence of sea power upon history, 1660–
1783. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
strategies for ship protection were continually revised. At Mahan, A.T. (1991). Mahan on naval strategy: Selections from the writ-
first designers fastened armor to wooden and iron hulls ings of rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan. (J. B. Hattendorf, Ed.).
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
(ironclads). Later, steel hulls incorporated protective belts
Rodgers,W. L. (1937). Greek and Roman naval warfare. Annapolis, MD:
of armor across vital machinery and magazines, as well Naval Institute Press.
as thick turrets for guns. Increasingly after World War I, Rodgers,W. L. (1939). Naval warfare under oars, 4th to 16th century: A
study of strategy, tactics and ship design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Insti-
effective defense became more a matter of specialized tute Press.
weaponry in combination with lighter armor: sonar and Tarrant,V. E. (1995). Jutland, the German perspective: A new view of the
Great Battle, 31 May 1916. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
depth charges against submarines, fighters to intercept
Wegener,W. (1989). The naval strategy of the world war. Annapolis, MD:
enemy bombers, antimissile missiles and rapid-firing Naval Institute Press.
guns to destroy incoming warheads, and electronic coun-
termeasures to baffle guidance systems.

The Next Wave Warfare,
In a world made ever smaller by globalization and over-
population, it is a near certainty that navies will continue Origins of
to exist and to change. Warships already feature auto-
mated guns, and automated carrier aircraft are under arfare—organized lethal violence practiced
development, while hydrofoils support amphibious land- Wamong social groupings—is an ancient and vir-
ings, and satellites guide ordnance with near perfect tually universal social phenomenon. The origins of war-
accuracy. The next wave of technological developments fare date from early antiquity, thousands of years ago,
cannot be accurately predicted. On the other hand, it is when warfare became a distinct pattern of social behav-
a certainty that when international conflict threatens, ior in specific regions of the world. Recent scholarly
navies will feature prominently in its resolution. advances in the disciplines that study the origins of
warfare—archaeology, political science, international rela-
Wade G. Dudley
tions, sociology, epigraphy, ethnology, and military
See also Maritime History; Piracy history—continue to improve upon our current under-
standing of this complex puzzle.
This essay provides a survey of present-day knowledge
Further Reading
on warfare origins; it covers basic methodology and the
Casson, L. (1991). The ancient mariners: Seafarers and sea fighters of the
Mediterranean in ancient times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University main known facts, including both Old World and New
Press. World origins of warfare. Its focus is on the origins of
Corbett, J. S. (1911). Some principles of maritime strategy. London: Long- warfare based on extant empirical evidence.
mans, Green and Co.
Friedman, N. (2001). Sea power as strategy: Navies and national interest.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. Original Belligerents
Gray, C. S. (1992). The leverage of sea power. New York: Free Press.
Gray, C. S., & Barnett, R. W. (Eds.). (1989). Sea power and strategy. The earliest warfare emerged among chiefdoms in pre-
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. state societies. Chiefdoms may have occasionally clashed