Page 67 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

1844 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

Labour produces not only commodities; it produces itself and the
worker as a commodity—and does so in the proportion in which it
produces commodities generally. • Karl Marx (1818–1883)

advent of the automobile and the airplane. The auto- cultural consequences of hospitality and particularly the
mobile has had a distinct impact on tourism, making relationship between traditional and commercialized
travel easier, more accessible to a wider variety of peo- expressions of hospitality. Scholars should devote more
ple, more intrusive in many respects, and perhaps also research to the international dimensions of tourism,
more spontaneous. Automobile tourism has supported especially in respect to better understanding the histories
the rise of distinct hostelries, such as the autocamp and of travel and tourism as they apply to non-Western coun-
the ubiquitous motel. Air transportation, in turn, has tries and regions. Recent advances in understanding the
reduced the significance of the actual travel experience history of Western tourism practices with respect to class
as a part of tourism and emphasized the destinations of and gender differences should continue to have a strong
tourism. Although in these respects auto transportation influence on this field of study.
and air transportation seem to encourage quite different
Erve Chambers
kinds of tourism, they also serve similar functions in
increasing tourism opportunities for a greater number See also Grand Tour; Leisure
of people as well as dramatically increasing the kinds of
tourism (or tourism’s “niche” markets) that have become
Further Reading
available.
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and
In recent times, since the end of World War II, tourism spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
has evolved into one of the largest industries in the Anderson, S. C., & Tabb, B. H. (2002). Water, leisure & culture: European
historical perspectives. Oxford, UK: Berg.
world (although some people have argued that it is not Aron, C. S. (1999). Working at play: A history of vacations in the United
an industry at all but rather simply a market).Tourism’s States. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Barringer, M. D. (2002). Selling Yellowstone: Capitalism and the con-
consequences extend far beyond economic considera-
struction of nature. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
tions.Tourism is increasingly the lens by which we see the Belasco, W. J. (1979). Americans on the road: From autocamp to motel
world, as well as the frame by which nations and peoples 1910–1945. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Brook, T. (1998). The confusions of pleasure: Commerce and culture in
present themselves to be seen. In the view of some Ming China. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
tourism scholars, the “tourist gaze,” suggesting a visual Brown, D. (1995). Inventing New England: Regional tourism in the nine-
teenth century. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
recreation of sites and places through tourism, has
Chambers, E. (2000). Native tours: The anthropology of travel and
become a vital and inextricable part of the human con- tourism. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
dition, mediating between the countervailing tendencies Chard, C. (1999). Pleasure and guilt on the Grand Tour:Travel writing and
imaginative geography 1600–1830. Manchester, UK: Manchester
of globalization and locality that seem to be so much a University Press.
hallmark of our present circumstances. Gold, J. R., & Gold, M. M. (1995). Imagining Scotland:Tradition, repre-
sentation and promotion in Scottish tourism since 1750. Aldershot,
UK: Scholar Press.
Prospects Guo, W., Turner, L. W., & King, B. E. M. (2002). The emerging golden
Scholarship devoted to the history of tourism and travel age of Chinese tourism and its historical antecedents: A thematic
investigation. Tourism, Culture & Communication, 3(2), 131–146.
has increased substantially during the past couple of Inglis, F. (2000). The delicious history of the holiday. London: Routledge.
decades, and this scholarship clearly will continue to Jasen, P. J. (2002). Wild things: Natures, culture, and tourism in Ontario,
1790–1914. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
grow and become established as a major line of histori-
Koshar, R. (2000). German travel cultures. Oxford, UK: Berg.
cal inquiry, with contributions from history, several social Koshar, R. (Ed.). (2002). Histories of leisure. Oxford, UK: Berg.
sciences, and cultural and literary studies. Lofgren, O. (1999). On holiday: A history of vacationing. Berkeley and
Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Although recent research has broadened our view of Matsunosuke, N. (1997). Edo culture: Daily life and diversions in urban
the origins and history of tourism, much remains to be Japan, 1600–1868. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Morgan, N. J., & Pritchard, A. (1999). Power and politics at the seaside:
accomplished. For example, people have devoted rela-
The development of Devon’s resorts in the twentieth century. Exeter,
tively little research to understanding the historical and UK: University of Exeter Press.