Page 62 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

tourism 1839

fans to refer to the team they root for with the inclusive become an important factor in the actual construction of
pronoun we—without, surely, any suggestion of sexual those worlds and their histories.
connection? Any account of the history of tourism begs definition.
What is the relationship of tourism to other kinds of
Warren Shapiro
travel? What particular activities and human relation-
ships define the act of tourism? The scholarship of
Further Reading tourism has most often related tourism to leisured activ-
ities and desires—simply enough, tourism is the practice
Crocker, J. C. (1985). Vital souls: Bororo cosmology, natural symbolism,
and shamanism. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. of leisure in places away from one’s home. In this respect
Eliade, M. (1959). Cosmos and history: The myth of the eternal return. the advent of tourism is conveniently pegged to those
New York: Harper.
Leach, E. R. (Ed.). (1967). The structural study of myth and totemism. Lon- times in the past when people began to travel solely for
don: Tavistock Publications. the purpose of engaging in some kind of leisured activity.
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1966). The savage mind. London: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson. Western scholars have until recently tended to place
Maybury-Lewis, D. H. P. (Ed.). (1979). Dialectical societies: The Gê and early expressions of tourism within the fold of relatively
Bororo of central Brazil. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Munn, N. D. (1970).The transformation of subjects into objects in Wal- recent European discoveries of leisure, giving some cre-
biri and Pitjantjatjara myth. In R. M. Bemdt (Ed.), Australian Aborig- dence to the religious pilgrimage as a precursor to
inal anthropology: Modern studies in the social anthropology of the tourism, accepting the elite standards of the European
Australian Aborigines (pp. 141–163). Nedlands,Australia: University
of Western Australia Press. “Grand Tour” as the first clear model of a fully leisured
Phillips, J. A. (1984). Eve:The history of an idea. San Francisco: Harper tourism, and situating the roots of modern tourism in the
& Row.
Shapiro, W. (1977). Structure, variation, and change in “Balamumu” late nineteenth-century development of mass and package
social classification. Journal of Anthropological Research, 33(1), 16–49. tourism, founded by the English travel agent Thomas
Shapiro,W. (1979). Social organization in Aboriginal Australia. Canberra, Cook and numerous other capitalist entrepreneurs.
Australia: Australian National University Press.
Shapiro, W. (1988). Ritual kinship, ritual incorporation, and the denial The difficulty with this view is not that it is wrong,
of death. Man 23, 275–297. because a history of tourism along these lines is clearly
Shapiro,W. (1991). Claude Lévi-Strauss meets Alexander Goldenweiser: defensible, but rather that it has limited our search for
Boasian anthropology and the study of totemism. American Anthro-
pologist, 93, 599–610. other, equally persuasive lines of inquiry. Fortunately,
Stanner, W. E. H. (1958). The Dreaming. In T. A. G. Hungerford (Ed.), recent research has broadened our perspective and intro-
Australian signpost: an anthology (pp. 51–65). Melbourne: F. W.
Cheshire. duced promising new research possibilities.
Tooker, E. (1971). Clans and moieties in North America. Current Anthro-
pology, 12, 357–376. Tourism History in
Warner,W. L. (1937). A black civilization:A social study of an Australian
tribe. New York: Harper. International Perspective
Worsley, P. M. (1997). Knowledges: Culture, counterculture, subculture. Most of the literature devoted to the history of tourism is
London: Profile Books.
concerned with travel by people of Europe and North
America, to the extent that one might be forgiven for
assuming that tourism is itself an invention of Western
consciousness. Although comparisons are risky, recent
Tourism studies of the development of European tourism seem

generally to focus on the movement of ideas through
lthough historical researchers often trivialize tour- touristic practices such as the Grand Tour and later spa
Aism, other scholars regard tourism as a major com- and resort destination tourism. These studies tend
ponent of our modern consciousness. It is not only to be concerned with the development of concepts of
reflective of the worlds in which we live, but also has leisure and “holiday” and with social class and political