Page 57 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

1834 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

Look at a man the way that he is, he only becomes worse.
But look at him as if he were what he could be, and then he
becomes what he should be. • Goethe (1749–1832)

Dohrn-van Rossum, G. (1996). History of the hour: Clocks and modern With the collapse of the Chagatai khanate, a successor
temporal orders (T. Dunlap, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago state of the Mongol empire that covered most of Central
Press.
Duncan, D. E. (1998). The calendar. London: Fourth Estate. Asia, new opportunities arose in the region.Timur took
Galison, P. (2003). Einstein’s clocks, Poincaré’s maps. London: Sceptre. advantage of the situation and became the lieutenant of
Gould, S. J. (1987). Time’s arrow, time’s cycle: Myth and metaphor in the
discovery of geological time. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University his brother-in-law Husain. The two gained control of
Press. Mawarannahr (Arabic for “the land between the rivers,”
Griffiths, J. (1999). Pip pip: A sideways look at time. London: Flamingo. —the rivers being the Syr Dar’ya and Amu Dar’ya), or
Hawking, S. (1988). A brief history of time. London: Bantam.
Howse, D. (1980). Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude. Transoxiana, before a falling-out pitted them against
Oxford: Oxford University Press. each other in 1370, with Timur emerging as the victor.
Landes, D. S. (2000). Revolution in time: Clocks and the making of the
modern world (Rev.Ed.). London: Viking. After becoming the ruler of Mawarannahr,Timur spent
Lippincott, K. (Ed.). (1999). The story of time. London: Merrell the following ten years consolidating his control in the
Holberton. region and defending it from raids by the remnants of the
A matter of time. (2002, September). Scientific American, 287(3).
McCready, S. (Ed.). (2001). The discovery of time. London: MQ Chagatai khanate in what is now Kazakhstan and Xin-
Publications. jiang (northwestern China). In 1380 Timur supported
Sobel, D. (1996). Longitude. London: Fourth Estate.
Thompson, E. P. (1991). Time, work discipline and industrial capitalism, Toqtamysh, a prince of the Golden Horde (another suc-
in Customs in common. London: Penguin. cessor empire to the Mongol empire; it controlled the
Waugh, A. (1999). Time. London: Headline. area of present-day Russia and Ukraine), in Toqtamysh’s
Whitrow, G. J. (1988). Time in history: Views of time from prehistory to
the present day. Oxford: Oxford University Press. bid to rule the Golden Horde.
Young, M. (1988). The metronomic society—natural rhythms and human Not until 1383 did Timur attempt to expand his realm
timetables. London: Thames and Hudson.
beyond Mawarannahr, sending his forces across the Amu
Dar’ya into Persia. By 1385 Timur had incorporated the
regions of Khorasan (which is now present-day north-
eastern Iran and surrounding areas of Afghanistan),
Timur Afghanistan, and eastern Persia (Iran) into his realm, and
(1336–1405) by 1394 the regions of Fars (present-day southwestern
Turkic conqueror Iran), Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia had suc-
cumbed to his armies as well.Timur rarely established an
imur-i Leng (Timur the Lame), also known in English effective administrative apparatus in his conquered terri-
Tas Tamerlane or Tamburlaine, was the last of the tories, apparently preferring plundering territory outside
great nomadic emperors. His detractors called him Timur- of Mawarannahr to governing it effectively.
i Leng because his right arm and leg were paralyzed from Meanwhile,Timur’s protégé Toqtamysh, now the ruler
arrow wounds received during a raid in his youth. Dur- of the Golden Horde, decided to challenge Timur’s
ing his reign, however, he was known as Emir Timur, and authority. As a descendent of Genghis Khan,Toqtamysh
he engaged in a career of conquest that took him from viewed himself as the rightful ruler of all the lands that
India to Turkey and that shook the foundations of several the Mongol empire had once comprised. Toqtamysh
empires. defeated Timur’s generals during invasions in 1385 and
Born near Kesh (now Shakhrisabz, in Uzbekistan), 1388; Timur retailiated by invading the Russian steppes
near Samarqand in 1336, Timur was the son of Taragai in 1391. Although Timur defeated Toqtamysh and
of the Barlas tribe, a tribe of Mongolian origins but thor- dethroned him,Toqtamysh regained power and invaded
oughly Turkic in ethnicity by Timur’s lifetime. Timur Timur’s empire again in 1395. Timur in turn struck
began his career as a minor leader and sometimes ban- back, defeating Toqtamysh once and for all on the Kur
dit during the unrest that marked much of Central Asia River in 1395 and proceeding to break the power of the
during the mid-fourteen century. Golden Horde.