Page 156 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol III

indo-european migration 975

then they have an umbrella movement that spans all the Rwanda, Turkmenistan, and Zimbabwe, rulers at times
countries where the San live. Such organizations are persecuted people who were seen as settlers in the name
attractive to multinational NGOs, but the lower San pop- of recouping indigenous rights.
ulation compared with the non-San populations and the
Erick D. Langer
weak national political presence have made the San
movements relatively toothless in any one country. See also Foraging Societies, Contemporary; Indigenous
Peoples
Pacific Basin
As decolonization proceeded in the Pacific Basin, ethnic
movements (which can be equated to national movements Further Reading
on many islands) gained national status.The only excep- Anaya,A. J. (2000). Indigenous peoples in international law. Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press.
tions were the French and U.S. possessions, as well as New
Brown, D. (2001). Bury my heart at Wounded Knee:An Indian history of
Zealand and Australia, with majority populations whose the American West. New York:Henry Holt.
ancestors had migrated from western Europe. In New Zea- Dean, B. C., & Levi, J. M. (Eds.). (2003). At the risk of being heard: Iden-
tity, indigenous rights, and postcolonial states. Ann Arbor: University
land the Maori had gained considerable autonomy and of Michigan Press.
political power (they also constituted by 2001 about 15 Howard, B. R. (2003). Indigenous peoples and the state:The struggle for
native rights. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
percent of the population) and were represented separately
Keal, P. (2003). European conquest and the rights of indigenous peoples:The
in Parliament according to their relative population. In moral backwardness of international society. Cambridge, UK: Cam-
1980 New Zealand established the Waitangi Tribunal to bridge University Press.
Langer, E. D. (Ed.). (2003). Contemporary indigenous movements in Latin
examine land claims dating from the nineteenth century America. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources.
onward. In 1995 British Queen Elizabeth apologized pub- Martin, P. (2002). The globalization of contentious politics: The Amazon-
ian indigenous rights movement. New York: Routledge.
licly for the wrongs committed against the Maori, provid-
Martin,T. (2001). The affirmative action empire: Nations and nationalism
ing a moral victory for the indigenous population. in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
In Australia the Aboriginal peoples, although they Press.
Rudelson, J. J. (1997). Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China’s
have gained some rights, lag behind in political organi- Silk Road. New York: Columbia University Press.
zation and in their rights. Aborigines tend to be more Sharp, A. (1997). Justice and the Maori: The philosophy and practice of
Maori claims in New Zealand since the 1970s. Oxford, UK: Oxford
rural and less educated than the Maori. The vastness of
University Press.
the continent and the sparse population also have made Steckley, J. (2001). Full circle: Canada’s first nations. Toronto, Canada:
organization difficult for Aboriginals. Prentice Hall.
Wanganeen, E. (1986). Justice without prejudice:The development of the
Aboriginal legal rights movement in South Australia. Sydney,Australia:
The Future of Indigenous South Australian College of Advanced Education.
Peoples Movements
In certain regions,such as the Americas,indigenous peoples
movements will continue to thrive, although in many cases
integrating them in constructive ways into the body politic Indo-European
(persons politically organized under a single government)
will continue to present problems. In Peru and Guatemala Migration
indigenous peoples movements likely will begin to flex their
political muscles as democracy, the ability to communicate he majority of the peoples of Europe and a substan-
via the Internet, and NGOs foster organization. Ttial portion of the present and ancient peoples of
Indigenous peoples movements are not always posi- western Asia speak closely related languages that all be-
tive, however. During the 1990s, in countries such as long to the Indo-European language family. European