Page 217 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol III

1036 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

He who knows not and knows not he knows not: he is a fool—shun him. He who knows not and
knows he knows not: he is simple—teach him. He who knows and knows not he knows: he is asleep
—wake him. He who knows and knows he knows: he is wise—follow him. • Arabian proverb

whether it is the sharia or customary practice that is fol- Khaldun, I. (1958). The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history (F.
lowed in daily life. Rosenthal,Trans.). New York: Pantheon Books.
Lapidus, I. M. (1988). A history of Islamic societies. Cambridge, UK:
Herbert Berg Cambridge University Press.
Pearl, D. (1987). A textbook on Muslim personal law (2d ed.). London:
Croom Helm.
See also Islam; Islamic World
Shaban, M. A. (1971). Islamic history: A new interpretation:Vol. 1. A.D.
600–750 (A.H. 132). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Shaban, M. A. (1976). Islamic history: A new interpretation:Vol. 2. A.D.
Further Reading 750–1055 (A.H. 132–448). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press.
Ali, A. Y. (Trans.). (1989). The Holy Qur’an: Text, translation, and com-
mentary (Rev. ed). Brentwood, MD: Amana Corporation.
Al-Mawardi, A. M. (1996). The ordinances of government: A translation
of Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya wa-l-Wilayat al-Diniyya (W. H. Wahba,
Trans.). London: Garnet.
Al-Shafi’i, M. I. I. (1987). Al-Risala fi Usul al-Fiqh: Treatise on the foun-
dations of Islamic jurisprudence (M. Khadduri, Trans.). Cambridge, Islamic World
UK: Islamic Texts Society.
Al-Tabari,A. J. M. I. J. (1989). The history of al-Tabari. Albany: State Uni-
versity of New York Press. he Islamic world is generally defined in the contem-
Coulson, N. J. (1964). A history of Islamic law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Tporary world as consisting of nation-states whose
University Press.
Daftary, F. (1990). The Isma’ilis: Their history and doctrines. Cam- population contains a majority of Muslims.The individ-
bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ual nations are not all contiguous with one another,
Kamali, M. H. (1991). Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Rev. ed). although in particular regions, such as the Middle East,
Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society.

Trade routes
0 400 mi
EUROPE
0 400 km
Atlantic Venice Aral
Ocean Genoa Sea
Spain Black Sea Oxus R. Tashkent
Naples Constantinople Samarkand
Toledo Byzantine Caspian Sea Bukhara
Cordova Tunis Empire Tigris R. Nishapur
Rakka Mosul
Tangier Mediterranean Sea Antioch Baghdad
Tripoli Damascus Persia
Fez
Basra
Euphrates
Cairo R.
NORTH Persian Gulf
AFRICA
Medina
Nile R. Red Sea Mecca
Jidda Arabia
AFRICA N
Ar abian
TRADE ROUTES in and
Sea
beyond the ISLAMIC
WORLD at 1000 CE