Page 37 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol III

856 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

Further Reading and Thomas Coryat (1611), braved the dangers and had
Amey, E. B. (2002). Gold. Minerals yearbook, 1, 33.1–33.15.Washing- the record of their travels printed; but thereafter the num-
ton, DC: U. S. Geological Survey.
Boyle, R. W. (1987). Gold—History and genesis of deposits. New York: ber of young men,and some women,who sought broader
Van Nostrand Reinhold. knowledge and horizons through travel increased, cul-
Coyne, M. S., & Allin, C.W. (Eds.). (1998). Natural resources. Pasadena, minating in the eighteenth century. Guidebooks, such as
CA: Salem Press.
Green, T. (1984). The new world of gold. New York: Walker and John Raymond’s Il Mercurio italiano (The Italian Mer-
Company. cury) (1648), were printed, and, travellers, such as Richard
Hilliard, H. E. (2002). Silver. Minerals yearbook, 1, 69.1–69.13.Wash- Lassels in his Voyage of Italy (1670), wrote of their expe-
ington, DC: U. S. Geological Survey.
Mohide,T. P. (1985). Silver (Mineral Policy Background Paper No. 20). riences, galvanizing others to follow in their path.
Ontario, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. The eighteenth century was the great age of the Grand
Sutherland, C. H. V. (1969). Gold—Its beauty, power, and allure. New
York: McGraw-Hill. Tour as it became almost required as a rite of passage
between formal schooling and adult responsibility for
generations of wealthy Europeans. The itinerary tradi-
Grains tionally included the places most important in classical

culture, especially Italy. Nevertheless, travellers did visit
See Agrarian Era; Agricultural Societies; Cereals; Food other countries, given that a young traveller’s retinue
needed to traverse them en route to the Italian peninsula
and that they also contained points of interest. France was
Grand Tour an integral part of the tour, as were often the German-
speaking lands, and the rise of Romanticism (an artistic
ravel for the sake of education and experience has and intellectual movement originating in Europe and char-
Tdeep roots in human culture, and evidence of it can be acterized by an interest in nature, emphasis on the indi-
found from the beginnings of written language. In Europe vidual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure
such evidence exists from antiquity, and the practice of pil- from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion
grimage during the Middle Ages contains much that re- against social conventions) later in the century increased
flected the belief that extended travel brings substantial the attraction of natural scenery, such as the Alps. How-
benefit both to the traveler and his or her native land. ever, for most grand tourists, the goal was Italy, particularly
The Grand Tour as a recognizable phenomenon began the cities of Venice, Florence, Rome, and Naples.
during the seventeenth century, although earlier people
traveled great distances for purposes of study and expe- Celebrated Travellers
rience altogether exclusive of commercial or diplomatic The list of celebrated travellers is long, although the ben-
reasons. The English diplomat and translator Thomas efits derived from the travel experience varied greatly
Hoby during the mid-sixteenth century made two exten- from person to person. Some travellers, such as the Ger-
sive trips through Europe as far as Sicily and recorded his man writer Wolfgang von Goethe or the English historian
experiences in his journal.His motives were those of most Edward Gibbon, were motivated to write great books,
subsequent grand tourists: to learn foreign languages; to such as the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; others
see foreign means of government, social, and religious were content with having their portraits painted by fash-
organization and customs; to attend lectures at celebrat- ionable artists such as Pompeo Battoni, gambling, and
ed universities; to meet famous and powerful people; and socializing. Many purchased books, antiquities, sculp-
to see the places described in ancient literature. tures, and paintings from artists such as Canaletto; oth-
Wars and religious differences made the prospect of ers bought only clothes and drink.
wide travel within Europe more difficult before 1650, The usual practice was for a young man to be accom-
although some people, such as Fynes Moryson (1617) panied by a tutor, often a cleric, and an older gentleman,