Page 47 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol III

866 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

Further Reading To present green or environmental movements as a
Alcock, S., & Osborne, R. (Eds.). (1996). Placing the gods: Sanctuaries recent phenomenon, arising during the years after World
and sacred space in ancient Greece. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Andrewes, A. (1992). Greek society. Harmondsworth, UK: Pelican War II, however, would be misleading. They had their
Books. roots in the conservation movement that began a century
Boardman, J., Griffin, J., & Murray O. (Eds.). (1991). The Oxford history earlier. Many voices had demanded clean water and air,
of Greece. Oxford, U.K: Oxford University Press.
Dover, K. J. (1997). Ancient Greece: A political, social, and cultural his- parks and open space, the humane treatment of animals
tory. New York: Oxford University Press. and the protection of bird species, the preservation of
Ehrenberg,V. (1973). From Solon to Socrates: Greek history and civiliza- wilderness, and the provision of outdoor recreation.
tion during the 6th and 5th centuries B.C. London: Routledge.
Finley, M. I. (1982). The legacy of Greece: A new appraisal. New York: Communities in many places began to see their welfare
Oxford University Press. as being connected with the health of their land, their
Finley, M. I., Shaw, B. D., & Saller, R. P. (1982). Economy and society in
ancient Greece. New York: Viking. forests, their waters, and their clean air.Although people
Forrest,W. H. (1966). The emergence of greek democracy, 800–400 B.C. did not yet use the term environmentalism, the actions of
New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers.
Furley, D. & Allen, R. (Eds.). (1975). Studies in presocratic philosophy. people to protect their valued habitats, to protest against
New York: Routledge. developments that threatened to destroy them, and to
Guthrie,W. K. C. (1962–1981). A history of Greek philosophy (Vols. 1– search for ways to live in harmony with nature consti-
6). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hamilton, E. (1983). The Greek way. Mattituk, NY: Amereon Publishers. tuted an effort that has come to be known by that term.
Hanson,V. D. (1989). The Western way of war: Infantry Battle in classi- People voiced those concerns during the late eigh-
cal Greece. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Hurwit, J. M. (1985). The art and culture of early Greece, 1100–480 B.C. teenth and the nineteenth centuries when the Industrial
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Revolution was polluting and otherwise harming the
Thomas, C. G. (c. 1999). Citadel to city-state: The transformation of landscape of the Western world and colonialism was
Greece, 1200–700 B.C.E. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Sealey, R. (1977). A history of the Greek city states. Berkeley and Los making depredations on the natural resources of the rest
Angeles: University of California Press. of the world. For example, deforestation altered small
islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans so rapidly that
European scientists who were sent out by the colonial
powers noted exhaustion of timber and desiccation of cli-
Green or mates and called for restorative action. Pierre Poivre, a

French botanist, warned in 1763 that the removal of
Environmental forests would cause loss of rainfall and recommended the
reforestation of island colonies. Both France and Britain
Movements soon established forest reserves in their colonies, includ-

ing British India. Unfortunately reserves often meant that
nvironmental (green) movements appeared around local people were excluded from their own forests, and
Ethe globe during the second half of the twentieth cen- this exclusion produced outbreaks of resistance during
tury as people agitated in reaction to local problems, the 1800s. Some European environmentalists raised
affected the policies and organization of national gov- their voices loudly against mistreatment of indigenous
ernments (including the origin of environmental depart- peoples.A few of these environmentalists were feminists,
ments in almost every nation), and helped to create and some, such as the surgeon Edward Green Balfour,
national and international laws, international bodies, were willing to alarm their superiors with advocacy of
and important treaties. Few other popular movements not only conservation, but also anticolonialism.
spread so far, had such complex ramifications, and lasted The rapid sweep of resource exploitation across the
so long with the promise of continuing influence. North American continent aroused a few opposing