Page 51 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol III

870 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

Environmental movements in recent history have Shabecoff, P. (1996). A new name for peace: International environmen-
proved to be extraordinarily complex, including myriads talism, sustainable development, and democracy. Hanover, NH: Uni-
versity Press of New England.
of organizations, formal and informal. Their goals have Szasz, A. (1994). Ecopopulism: Toxic waste and the movement for envi-
been disparate, but they share the overall goal of making ronmental justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Weiner, D. (1988). Models of nature: Ecology, conservation, and cultural
the Earth a better, safer, and cleaner place for its living
revolution in Soviet Russia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
inhabitants, human and nonhuman. Such movements Young, J. (1990). Sustaining the Earth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-
have met with many successes and many failures, and versity Press.
their ultimate effects are still uncertain. However, they are
certainly among the most far-reaching and intrinsically
important movements of the modern world. Green Revolution

J. Donald Hughes
illiam Gaud, director of the U.S.Agency for Inter-
Wnational Development (USAID), coined the term
Green Revolution in March 1968, and its origins help
Further Reading
explain its contested meaning in contemporary history:
Brenton, T. (1994). The greening of Machiavelli: The evolution of inter-
national environmental politics. London: Earthscan Publications. Government development agencies as well as transna-
Carson, R. (1962). Silent spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. tional chemical and biotechnology corporations and
Finger, M. (Ed.). (1992). Research in social movements, conflicts and multilateral organizations such as the World Bank see the
change, supplement 2: The Green movement worldwide. Greenwich,
CT: Jai Press. Green Revolution (GR) as a miraculous breakthrough in
Gore, A. (1992). Earth in the balance: Ecology and the human spirit. agricultural productivity and food security, whereas small
Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Grove, R. H. (1995). Green imperialism: Colonial expansion, tropical farmers, ecologists, social scientists, indigenous peoples,
island Edens, and the origins of environmentalism, 1600–1860. and community activists see it as ruining the environ-
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ment, destroying agricultural productivity, obliterating
Guha,R.(1999).The unquiet woods:Ecological change and peasant resist-
ance in the Himalaya. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. indigenous cultural and agricultural practices, and creat-
Guha, R. (2000). Environmentalism: A global history. New York: ing even greater global inequalities through excessive
Longman.
Hays, S. P. (1982). From conservation to environment: Environmental debt burdens for the developing world that further enrich
politics in the United States since World War II. Environmental the developed world. How did the Green Revolution
Review, 6(2), 14–41. give rise to such polarized reactions and assessments?
Hughes, J. D. (Ed.). (2000).The face of the Earth: Environment and world
history. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Part of the answer lies in the fact that the Green Revolu-
Hughes, J. D. (2001). Exploitation and conservation, and Nairobi and tion, as an application of modern science and technology
the world. In An environmental history of the world: Humankind’s
changing role in the community of life (pp. 148–173, 224–237). Lon- to agriculture, has never been about just the superiority
don: Routledge. of one agricultural technology or practice over others—
Jamison, A., Eyerman, R., Cramer, J., & Lessoe, J. (1990). The making of it has been a political, economic, and social event from
the new environmental consciousness: A comparative study of envi-
ronmental movements in Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands. the start, and so one cannot be surprised that it has
Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. attracted controversy. Part of the answer also lies in how
McCormick, J. (1989). Reclaiming paradise: The global environmental
movement. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. one assesses where and to whom the major benefits of
McNeill, J. R. (2000). Something new under the sun: An environmental this agricultural revolution went, that is, did they reach
history of the twentieth-century world. New York: W.W. Norton. the intended recipients?
Merchant, C. (1992). Radical ecology:The search for a livable world. New
York: Routledge.
Pepper, D. (1984). The roots of modern environmentalism. London: Definition
Croom Helm.
Rothman, H. K. (1998). The greening of a nation? Environmentalism in The basic elements of the Green Revolution are highly
the United States since 1945. Fort Worth,TX: Harcourt Brace. mechanized and energy-intensive production methods