Page 230 - Between One and Many The Art and Science of Public Speaking

Chapter
8

Supporting Your Message

Objectives www.mhhe.com/brydon6 Key Concepts

After reading this chapter and reviewing the online learning resources at authority warrant
www.mhhe.com/brydon6, you should be able to:
backing
• Recognize the three basic types of claims: fact, value, and policy. causal warrant
• Explain the role of evidence in grounding a speech. claim
• Support a speech with examples that are relevant, suffi cient, typical, comparison (analogy) warrant
and without counterexamples. expert opinion
• Support a speech with verifi able facts from reliable and unbiased fact
sources that are consistent with other known facts.
generalization warrant
• Support a speech with numerical data from reliable, unbiased sources.
grounds
• Identify reliable polls based on fair questions, an adequate and repre-
narrative
sentative sample, and a meaningful difference compared to the margin
of error. narrative fi delity
• Support a speech with reliable numerical data, including percentages narrative probability
and averages.
qualifi er
• Support a speech with expert opinion, which is reliable and unbiased.
rebuttal
• Support a speech with clear and accurate explanations.
sign warrant
• Support a speech with vivid and accurate descriptions.
warrant
• Support a speech with narratives that have both probability and fi delity
for your audience.
• Utilize valid warrants based on authority, generalization, comparison,
cause, and sign to connect grounds to claims.

“ Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, but not their own facts. ”
—SEN. DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN 1

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