Page 227 - Big Data Analytics for Intelligent Healthcare Management

220 CHAPTER 8 BLOCKCHAIN IN HEALTHCARE: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

consensus algorithm is used by this system. Longitudinal audibility and security are ensured through a
strong identity and permanent notary of the stored information. This is an HIPAA compliant platform.
Burst IQ: This is also a US based blockchain technology developing research organization. They
offer several services, mainly blockchain based healthcare data-driven platforms. They offer a data
management ecosystem to the user. They develop individual life graphs with user data and store these
in a health wallet. The user can share, manage, sell, and donate individual information from that wallet.
Burst IQ provides an interactive platform for big data distribution among individuals, researchers, and
organizations. This is also HIPAA, GDPR, and NIST compliant and also supports a larger volume of
health data. Burst IQ [78] also uses machine learning for big data handling.
MedRec: MedRec by Azaria et al. [79] provides a complete platform for patient data authentication
and sharing among stakeholders. Firstly, they used Proof of Work (PoW) mining for gathering consen-
sus among researchers, public health authorities, and patients. This blockchain system also introduced
incentives based on successful data sharing and authentication. This provides a log of data sharing for
transparent audibility.
MIT Media Lab and Beth Israel Dracones Health Center jointly developed a blockchain-based
model called “MedRec” to handle EHRs by incorporating a decentralized model with all the safety
aspects with guaranteed data integrity between endpoints. MedRec was created to manage aspects such
as accountability, authentication, and confidentiality that are necessary requirements for the current
situation regarding data breach, violation of the code of conduct, and other potential crimes related
to healthcare data.
MedRec works in a different way for storing the healthcare data compared to the traditional way of
storing the data in EHR. It stores the signature of the record in a blockchain instead of health records
and then notifies the patient, who is in charge of the record and determines the movement of the record
based on the requirement. The storage of the unchanged copy of the record is assured by the signature
on the record. In this model, the patient is in charge of the data and if by chance the patient is not in-
terested in taking care of the data then some service organization will be involved in this role. Instead of
making different user interfaces for different institutions, the MedRec system simplifies it to work with
multiple institutions by using simple features to have an easier interaction with patients.
Gem Health: The main purpose of this US-based blockchain company is to manage revenue earned
by data permission and sharing. Gem Health provides a real-time and transparent system for any kind of
health claim. Prisco [80] reported that in cooperation with the giant company Philips, this compensa-
tion claiming platform can also transfer healthcare data in real time.
Model chain: Kuo and Ohno-Machado [81] proposed this model chain architecture where a cross-
institutional researcher can collaborate for healthcare-related data. This study introduced a private
blockchain network to manage metadata of the health-related information. This study used both ma-
chine learning and blockchain technology to facilitate Patient-Centered Outcomes Research (PCOR)
and interinstitution collaboration.
Guard time: This is an Estonian-based blockchain company and the world’s largest blockchain
platform. They recently joined Estonian eHealth [82] foundation to bring transparency and audibility
of patient’s records. This platform used Oracle and a blockchain database to manage government-
owned electronic patient information.
HealthCombix: The main purpose of this platform is to create a decentralized healthcare ecosys-
tem by initiating peer-to-peer communication in real time. HealthCombix [83] is a token-based privacy
preserving patient data management platform. In addition, this platform also serves disease prediction