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Resilience and Survival in Extreme Environments 159

Levodopa
Cocaine,
amphetamine
Ritalin CCK
Dopamine
Neurotensin Haldol
Glutamate
Opiate
D2 mGluR5
Prozac NMDA
D1 GABA
µ AMPA
Adenosine
δ GABA
A
A2A
Serotonin
5HT4 CDK5 CK2 CK1
cAMP
VIP Ca 2+
VIP
P
NO PKA T34 T75 S102 S137
DARPP-32
T34 T75 S102 S137 PP-2B
cGMP PKG P
pCREB PP-1 P NMDA
Spinophilin
FRAs
P
AMPA
P
NKA
P
P
P GABA A
Na+ P
L-Ca 2+ N/P-Ca 2+
Figure 7.3 The central role of DARPP32 and protein phosphorylation status
in mediating the actions of a wide range of stimulants, including exercise, on
dopaminergic cells in the brain. Illustration based on Nobel Prize acceptance
speech by Paul Greengard (2000), diagram provided with permission from Allan
Feinberg.

increase in illness and morbidity. In the military, exposure to signifi cant
psychological stress and trauma has also been associated with both short-
term somatic complaints and long-term adverse health outcome (McCarroll,
Ursano, Fullerton, Liu & Lundy, 2002). A physiological scale developed by
Seeman, McEwen, Rowe, and Singer (2001) employs measurable indicators
that are generally believed to represent chronic stress (e.g., waist circumfer-
ence, blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, overnight stress hormone
excretion rates). This scale correlates with longer term health outcome mea-

sures, including cognitive and physical functions (Seeman et al., 2001). Very
long-term health outcomes such as neurodegenerative diseases are more dif-
ficult to pinpoint as possibly related to effects of chronic stress but are none-

theless plausibly associated with long-term effects of oxidative stress.

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