Page 222 - Biobehavioral Resilence to Stress

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 199

Table 8.2 Studies Examining the Influence of Oral Administration

of Tyrosine on Stress
Reference Species Phenotypes/Stressors Results
Magill et al. Human Cognitive; motor/sleep Improved
(2003) deprivation performance
Waters et al. Human Cognitive; motor/sleep No diff erence
(2003) deprivation
Dollins et al. Human Auditory potential/lower Improved
(1995) body pressure potential
Deijen et al. Human Combat training eff ects Improved
(1999) on cognitive tasks performance
Shurtleff et al. Human Cold stress eff ects on Improved

(1994) working memory performance
Deijen and Human 90 dB noise while Improved
Orlebeke (1994) performing tasks performance
Banderet and Human Mood; performance/ Improved
Lieberman hypothermia; hypoxia performance
(1989)
Lieberman et al. Human General mood/no stressor No diff erence
(1984)
Lieberman et al. Rats (Fisher 344) Water maze; swim test/ Improved
(2005) hyperthermia performance
Yeghiayan et al. Rats Swim test/hypothermia Improved
(2001) performance
Shukitt-Hale Rats (Fisher 344) Swim Improved
et al. (1996) test; memory/hypoxia performance
Shurtleff et al. Rats Matching Improved

(1993) tests/hypothermia performance
Ahlers et al. Rats Earned reinforcement/ Improved
(1992) CRF administration performance
Rauch and Rats Behavioral/hypothermia Improved
Lieberman performance
(1990)
Reinstein et al. Rats Behavioral/acute stress Improved
(1984) performance
Brady et al. Mice Cold-swim test Improved
(1980) performance

variations may also affect responsiveness to tyrosine and vulnerability to

stress-related disorders such as PTSD.
There is ample preclinical evidence that a variety of physical and emotional

stressors activate cell bodies in the hindbrain locus coeruleus (LC), where TH
is readily detectable in cell bodies (Aston-Jones & Cohen, 2005; Aston-Jones,
Rajkowski & Cohen, 1999; Pickel, Joh & Reis, 1975; Berridge & Waterhouse,

2003). There is also now preclinical evidence that chronic stress increases the
coexpression of TH in the rat prefrontal cortex, providing a means by which

1/22/2008 9:36:20 PM
CRC_71777_Ch008.indd 199 1/22/2008 9:36:20 PM
CRC_71777_Ch008.indd 199