Page 267 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

246 Chapter Eight

8.6 Conclusion
The potential offered by lipids for alternative fuel and chemicals is
widely recognized. Various sources from plant seeds to animal fat are
commercially available. Cracking converts polar esters into nonpolar
hydrocarbons. Highly efficient conversion technology should include
use of catalysts, e.g., zeolites such as H-ZSM-5 or Y-type representatives.
At 380–450 C, alkanes and alkenes are predominantly found in the
liquid product. With increasing temperatures up to 550 C, the product
spectrum shifts to alkylbenzenes with 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene as the
main product. For commercial fuel production based on lipids, assess-
ment of oxidation stability and deposit formation are essential.
Influences on regulated and nonregulated emissions have to be analyzed.
Attention should be paid both to the NO content of exhaust gas and to
x
the particle size distribution with special focus on ultrafine particles. In
addition, mutagenic tests for potency of particulate matter extracts are
recommended. Finally, it has to be kept in mind, that the replacement
of fossil fuels by biofuels may not bring the intended climate cooling due
O from the use of N-fertilizers in
to the accompanying emissions of N 2
crop production. Much more research on the sources of N O and the
2
nitrogen circle in connection with biofuels from lipids is needed.

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