Page 290 - Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

256 Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

can be produced in a sustainable (environmental, economic, and social)
manner and on a scale sufficient to help contribute to the global demand that
will require innovative measures and of political and institutional coopera-
tion to reach the solution to this complex challenge (Soares et al., 2018).
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According to Zivkovi et al. (2017) in developing any policy on any bio-
c
fuel, the government should be aware of the socioeconomic, health, and
environmental effects that its implementation will have on people because
the efforts made for biofuel promotion can have feedback effects and other
consequences which impose additional costs on society. In addition, increas-
ing demand for biodiesel requires large arable areas for planting energy crops.
However, a major change in land use can contribute to generating negative
economic, social, and environmental impacts. While it appears that biofuel
policies are effective in supporting domestic farmers, effectiveness in meet-
ing climate change and energy security goals is under constant review. At the
moment, it appears that biodiesel is an expensive form of greenhouse gas
reduction, especially if all subsidies are considered. From the social point
of view, several important issues should be carefully considered. As, for
example, the connections of biodiesel with the energy and food markets,
the possibility of improving working conditions and workers’ rights, the
effects of biodiesel policy, and the relations between social and economic
impacts of its production with special attention to effects of feedback and
other undesirable consequences of the biodiesel sector.
For Gonzalez-Salazar et al. (2016) among the different sustainable energy
resources, a particularly interesting one for the industrialized countries as
well as for the emerging and developing countries is biomass. Biomass is
now the largest renewable resource and global interest in its sustainable
use, as well as the potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions continues to grow. In recent years, several indus-
trialized countries and emerging economies have developed roadmaps for
the exploitation of biomass resources and the deployment of bioenergy tech-
nologies. Examples include global technology roadmaps on: biofuels for
transport and bioenergy for heat and energy (European Union); biomass
and biofuel technologies for transport and biogas (United States); bioenergy
and biofuels and biofuels for algae, sustainable aviation biofuels (Brazil), bio-
mass energy technologies and rural biomass energy (China); a roadmap for
biorefineries in Germany, among others. However, despite the vast poten-
tial and significant demand for bioenergy, the implementation of technolog-
ical roadmaps for the exploitation of bioenergy in developing countries has
been scarce. Providing bioenergy and biomaterials through biorefineries