Page 251 - Biosystems Engineering

Biomass Pyr olysis and Bio-Oil Refineries 229

Property Values Standard Method
Moisture content (mass%) 15–30 ASTM D1744, ASTM
E203, ASTM D95
pH 2.0–3.8 No standard
3
Density (kg/m ) 1208–1238 (20°C) ASTM D4052
1199–1229 (30°C)
1190–1211 (40°C)
1184–1207 (50°C)
Kinematic viscosity (cSt) 50–672 (20°C) ASTM D445-88
35–300 (40°C)
5–200 (50°C)
Elemental analysis 48.0–63.5 ASTM D5291-92
(mass%, anhydrous basis) 5.2–7.2
C 0.07–0.39
H 0.00–0.05
N 0.03–0.3
S 32–46
Ash
O (by difference)
High heating value (HHV) 20–24.3
(anhydrous basis) (MJ/kg) ASTM D 2382/DIN
High heating value (HHV) 15–18 51900
(as produced) (MJ/kg)
o
Flash point ( C) 64–120 ASTM D93-90
Solid content (as 0.17–1.14 No standard
methanol insoluble)
Conradson carbon residue 18–23 ASTM D189
(mass%)

TABLE 7.4 Typical Bio-Oil Properties and Standard Methods

perature (thermal expansion coefficient of around 0.8.10 g/mL C).
°
–3
The low pH of bio-oils is mainly due to the presence of low-molecu-
lar-weight carboxylic acids. The calorific value of bio-oils is about 40
percent that of petroleum, so approximately 1.8 kg or 1.5 L of bio-oils
are needed to provide the same energy as 1 kg of petroleum fuel.
Bio-Oil Multiphase Structure
The multiphase structure of crude bio-oils can be attributed to the
presence of (1) char particles, (2) waxy materials, (3) aqueous droplets,
(4) droplets of extractives derived compounds, (5) nanoparticles of
oligomers in a matrix of holocellose-derived compounds, and water