Page 328 - Caldera Volcanism Analysis, Modelling and Response

Structural Development of Calderas 303

Figure 11 (a) Downsag caldera at Rotorua,TaupoVolcanic Zone, New Zealand (courtesy of
Karl Spinks); (b) collapse structure bordered by outward dipping reverse faults in hydrothermal
deposits,TaupoVolcanic Zone, New Zealand; (c) pit crater bordered by outward dipping reverse
faults at Masaya, Nicaragua (scale is approximate; modi¢ed after Roche et al., 2001); (d) outward
dipping faults highlighted by the distribution of seismicity at Rabaul (section view; modi¢ed
after Mori and Mckee,1987); (e) map and section view of Campi Flegrei nested caldera, Italy
(modi¢ed after Orsi et al.,1996); (f) map and section view of Miyakejima caldera, Japan,
formed in 2000, bordered by reverse faults (formed ¢rst) and normal faults (formed later)
(modi¢ed after Geshi et al., 2002).