Page 517 - Carrahers_Polymer_Chemistry,_Eighth_Edition

480 Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry

Raman spectroscopy: Based on the interaction of vibrational modes of molecules with relative
high-energy radiation where absorption is based on the chemical moieties that undergo
changes in polarization.
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM): Group of surface-detection techniques that includes AFM
and STM; measures surface depth differences.
Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS): Mass spectroscopy that looks at the ion fragments
generated from the bombardment of surfaces with an ion beam.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TG, TGA): Measurement of the change in weight when a poly-
mer is heated.

EXERCISES

1. Why are electrical tests for polymers important?
2. Which is the better insulator: a polymer with (a) a low or (b) high K factor?
3. Why are the specific heats of polymers higher than those of metals?

4. Which IR technique might give you good surface information?

5. Why is the use of the term flameproof plastics incorrect?
6. Which plastic should be more resistant when immersed in 25% sulfuric acid at room tempera-
ture: (a) HDPE, (b) PMMA, or (c) PVac?
7. Why is it important to know the nature and structure of the surface of materials?
8. Why is it important to know such things as the values of thermal expansion of materials?
9. How is NMR important in characterizing polymers?
10. What is the UV region of the spectrum?
11. Which would absorb in the UV region: (a) polystyrene, (b) hevea rubber, or (c) PVC?
12. What technique(s) would you use to determine crystallinity in a polymer?
13. What thermal instrumental technique would you use to determine T ?
g
14. What is the difference between measuring physical properties and structural determinations?
15. Why is it important to have standard tests?
16. Are the measurements taken today any better than those taken 30 years ago?
17. In the TGA for most vinyl polymers, why is there a single somewhat smooth degradation plot of
weight loss as a function of temperature?
18. A researcher finds using one testing method that the amount of amorphous character in a sam-

ple is 60% and using another testing method finds that the same sample is 70% crystalline. How
can this occur?

19. Why are such terms as flame retardant or flame resistant used rather than fl ameproof?

20. What are some hurdles to adopting better protection in the building and automotive
industries?

ADDITIONAL READING
Alfrey, T. (1948): Mechanical Behavior of Polymers, Interscience, NY.
Ando, I., Askakura, T. (1998): Solid State NMR of Polymers, Elsevier, NY.
Armer, M. (2009): Raman Spectroscopy for Soft Matter Applications, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Askadskii, A. A. (1996): Physical Properties of Polymers, Gordon and Breach, NY.
Batteas, J., Michaels, C. A., Walker, G. C. (2005): Applications of Scanned Probe Microscopy to Polymers,
American Chemical Society, Washington DC.
Blythe, A. (2005): Electrical Properties of Polymers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Brandolini, A. Haney, D. (2000): NMR Spectra of Plastics, Dekker, NY.
Briggs, D., Clarke, D. R., Surest, S., Ward, I. M. (2005): Surface Analysis of Polymers by XPS and Static SIMS,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Carraher, C. E. (1977): Resistivity measurements, J. Chem. Ed., 54:576.

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