Page 11 - Cascade biocatalysis

Contents IX

10.5 Process Development 239
10.5.1 Recombinant DNA Technology 240
10.5.2 Process Engineering 241
10.6 Process Modeling 241
10.7 Future 244
10.8 Concluding Remarks 245
References 245

11 Nitrile Converting Enzymes Involved in Natural and Synthetic Cascade
Reactions 249
Ludmila Mart´ınkov´a, Andreas Stolz, Fred van Rantwijk, Nicola
D’Antona, Dean Brady, and Linda G. Otten
11.1 Introduction 249
11.2 Natural Cascades 250
11.2.1 Nitrile Hydratase – Amidase 250
11.2.2 Aldoxime Dehydratase–Nitrile Hydratase–Amidase 255
11.2.3 Other Natural Cascades 256
11.3 Artificial Cascades 257
11.3.1 Nitrile Hydratase–Amidase 257
11.3.2 Nitrilase–Amidase 258
11.3.3 Hydroxynitrile Lyase–Nitrilase 259
11.3.4 Hydroxynitrile Lyase–Nitrilase–Amidase 261
11.3.5 Hydroxynitrile Lyase–Nitrile Hydratase 261
11.3.6 Oxygenase–Nitrilase 262
11.3.7 Lipase–Nitrile Hydratase–Amidase 263
11.4 Conclusions and Future Use of These Enzymes 264
Acknowledgments 265
References 265

12 Mining Genomes for Nitrilases 271
Ludmila Mart´ınkov´a
12.1 Strategies in Nitrilase Search 271
12.2 Diversity of Nitrilase Sequences 272
12.2.1 Nitrilases in Bacteria 274
12.2.2 Nitrilases in Fungi 274
12.2.3 Nitrilases in Plants 275
12.3 Structure–Function Relationships 275
12.3.1 Sequence Clustering 275
12.3.2 Analysis of Specific Regions 276
12.3.3 Analysis of Enzyme Mutants 276
12.4 Enzyme Properties and Applications 277
12.4.1 Arylacetonitrilases 277
12.4.2 Aromatic Nitrilases 278
12.4.3 Aliphatic Nitrilases 278
12.4.4 Cyanide-Transforming Enzymes 279