Page 9 - Cascade biocatalysis

Contents VII

5.2 Physiological Cascade Reactions Involving P450s 92
5.2.1 Multistep Oxidations Catalyzed by a Single P450 92
5.2.2 Multistep Oxidations Catalyzed by Multiple P450s 102
5.3 Artificial Cascade Reactions Involving P450s 108
5.3.1 Cascade Reactions Involving P450s and Cofactor Regenerating
Enzymes 108
5.3.1.1 Cofactor Regeneration in Cell-Free Systems (In Vitro) 108
5.3.2 Cofactor Regeneration in Whole-Cell Biocatalysts 114
5.3.3 Artificial Enzyme Cascades Involving P450s and Other Enzymes 115
5.3.3.1 Artificial Multi-Enzyme Cascades with Isolated Enzymes 116
5.3.3.2 Artificial Multi-Enzyme Cascades In Vivo 120
5.4 Conclusions and Outlook 124
References 125

6 Chemo-Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of
Glycoconjugates 133
Ruben R. Rosencrantz, Bastian Lange, and Lothar Elling
6.1 Introduction 133
6.1.1 Impact of Glycoconjugates and Their Synthesis 133
6.1.2 Biocatalysts for the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates 134
6.1.2.1 Glycosyltransferases 134
6.1.2.2 Glycosidases and Glycosynthases 136
6.1.3 Definition of Cascade Reactions 137
6.2 Sequential Syntheses 139
6.2.1 Nucleotide Sugars 139
6.2.2 Glycoconjugates 141
6.3 One-Pot Syntheses 146
6.3.1 Nucleotide Sugars 146
6.3.2 Glycan Structures 148
6.4 Convergent Syntheses 151
6.5 Conclusion 153
Acknowledgment 153
References 153

7 Synergies of Chemistry and Biochemistry for the Production of -Amino
Acids 161
Josefa Mar´ıa Clemente-Jim´enez, Sergio Mart´ınez-Rodr´ıguez, Felipe
Rodr´ıguez-Vico, and Francisco Javier Las Heras-V´azquez
7.1 Introduction 161
7.2 Dihydropyrimidinase 163
7.3 N-Carbamoyl-β-Alanine Amidohydrolase 166
7.4 Bienzymatic System for β-Amino Acid Production 173
7.5 Conclusions and Outlook 174
Acknowledgments 174
References 174