Page 166 - Chemical process engineering design and economics

Process Heat Transfer 149

Table 4.1 Selected Heat-Transfer Fluids

Heat-Transfer Fluid Operating Reference
Temperature
Range, °C

Refrigerants
Methane 2
Ethane and Ethylene -60 to -11 5 2
Propane and Propylene 5 to -46 2
Butanes -12 to 16 2
Ammonia -32 to 27 2
Fluorocarbon(R-12) a -29 to 27 2
Water + Ethylene Glycol (50%/50%) -50 to 90
Water
Water (wells, rivers, lakes) 32 to 49 3
Chilled Water 1.7 to 16 4
Cooling Tower Water 30
High Temperature Water 300 to 400 6
Air 65 to 260 7,8
Steam
Low Pressure (2.7 bar) b 126
Low Pressure (4.6 bar ) b 148
Organic Oils 0 -50 to 430 9
Silicone Oils -23 to 399 11
Molten Salts
25% AICI 3, 75% AIBr 3 75 to 500 9
40% NaNO 2, 7% NaNO 3, 53% KNO 3 204 to 454 10
Liquid Metals
56% Na, 44% K or 22% Na, 78% K 204 to 454 6
Mercury 31 6 to 538 6
Combustion Gases >500 9

a) Dichlorodifluoromethane
b) Typical steam pressures
c) For example: diphenyl-diphenyl oxide, hydrogenated terphenyl,
aliphatic oil, aromatic oil

the liquid state. Singh [9] recommends using the nitrate salt mixture listed in Ta-
ble 4.1 in the temperature range of 204 to 454 °C (367 to 850 °F). Above 500 °C
(932 °F) combustion gases and liquid metals are possibilities. Although mercury

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