Page 49 - Chinese Woman Living and Working

36 DAVID S.G.GOODMAN
2 Wang (2000:62) provides a recent and excellent summary of the various trends in
employment as far as women are concerned. See also Lee 1998a and 1998b.
3 Edwards (2000:59–84) provides an outstanding overview of the interactions between
women and reform. See also Jacka (1997); Rofel (1998); Evans (1997).
4 Rosen (1995:315–41). On past practices, see Lamb (1984) and Goodman (1986). Details of
the current political leadership may be found in the China Directory 2002 (2001), Kawasaki.
5 To quote Norma Diamond: ‘Women in the peasant sector and in the traditional business
class of small shopkeepers…work, though the significance and burden of this work is
obscured by its being done within the framework of the family…In business families, wives
and daughters work in the shop, keep an eye on the apprentices and clerks, serve as loan
agents, and help in the decision-making’ (1973:216).
6 It is part of a project to investigate the emergence of political communities and the
negotiation of identity in Shanxi under reform. The project has been supported by a research
grant from the Australian Research Council. Professor Tian Youru of the Modern Shanxi
Research Institute, and Li Xueqian of Shanxi University provided help and assistance without
which this project would not have taken place. Neither they nor indeed anyone else in Shanxi
who has contributed to this project, including those interviewed for this study, is in any way
responsible for the interpretation or views expressed here.
7 Because the survey reported in the following discussion refers to the years 1996–98, data are
provided for those years rather than the most recently published. Economic development
statistics for 1998 are taken from 1949–1999 Shanxi wushi nian (1949–1999 Fifty Years of
Shanxi) 1999:160 (GDP) and 168 (population.) A report on Shanxi’s development during
the 1990s may be found in Governor Sun Wensheng’s speech to the 9th Shanxi Provincial
People’s Congress on 8 January 1998 (Sun 1998). Note that 8.3 yuan [dollar] RMB
[Renminbi or People’s Currency]=1US$. By the national census of 1 November 2000, the
provincial population had grown to 32.97 million (Zhang Wei 2001). In 2000 GDP per
capita was 5,085 yuan RMB (Shanxi Statistical Bureau, 2001).
8 For further information on the development of Shanxi, see Breslin 1989:135; Gillin 1967;
and Goodman 1999.
9 Statistics for 1997 are calculated from Zhongguo tongji nianjian 1998 [China Statistical
Yearbook 1998] 1998:435. These national figures are used for comparative purposes as
provincial and national compilations of statistics are often inconsistent. See Herrmann-Pillath
(1995: esp. 35).
10 Private-sector entrepreneurs who wished to grow in scale were frequently required either to
establish new collective sector enterprises based on their original companies, or to share
equity in other ways with local government in the development of new enterprises. See
Chen (1998), Parris (1996); Oi (1995:1132), Goodman (1995), Lin (1995); Walder (1995)
and Young (1995).
11 Twelve of the new-rich entrepreneurs interviewed were not married.
12 Of the 201 married couples in the survey, only one had no children.
13 For an example from Shanxi, see Yu (2000:75).
14 As indeed was also the case in Taiwan during the 1960s, as the new rich emerged there with
economic development. See Diamond (1973:217).
15 Chan et. al (1984:188–91), for example, note an increase in intra-village marriage to 70–80
per cent of all marriages during the famine that followed the Great Leap Forward; Mark
Selden charts the consequences of market closure and restrictions on other wider social
interactions on the increased incidence of intra-village marriage (Selden 1993:152ff.).