Page 67 - Communication and Citizenship Journalism and the Public Sphere

56 COMMUNICATION AND CITIZENSHIP

46 Graham Murdock, ‘Redrawing the map of the communications industries:
concentration and ownership in the era of privatization’, in Marjorie
Ferguson (ed.), Public Communication, London: Sage, 1990.
47 Graham Murdock, ‘Large corporations and the control of the
communications industries’, in Michael Gurevitch, Tony Bennett, James
Curran and Janet Woollacott (eds), Culture, Society and the Media,
London: Methuen, 1982.
48 In Britain, this arises from the fact that programmes do not generally
organize audiences into consumer categories that facilitate advertising
targeting. (See James Curran, ‘The impact of advertising on the British
mass media’, in R.Collins et al. (eds), Media, Culture and Society: A
Critical Reader, London: Sage.) But this could change with the
proliferation of channels and fragmentation of the TV audience.
49 For a cautionary analysis of French broadcasting during a highly
authoritarian phase, see Ruth Thomas, Broadcasting and Democracy in
France, Crosby Lockwood Staples, 1976.
50 For example, the BBC failed to adapt to the transformation of popular
music taste until a large section of its youth audience tuned into illegal
radio stations in the 1960s.
51 These are summarized in Curran and Seaton (eds), op.cit., 1991, ch. 19.
52 K.Van Der Haak, Broadcasting in the Netherlands, London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1977.
53 Richard Collins, ‘The language of advantage’, Media, Culture and
Society, vol. 11, no. 3 (1989).
54 Mass Media in Sweden, Stockholm: Swedish Institute, 1988.
55 For a description of how the system operates, see Olof Hulten, Mass Media
and State Support in Sweden, Stockholm: Swedish Institute, 1984. For a
more critical account in Swedish (with readily comprehensible statistical
tables), see Strid and Weibull, op. cit., 1988.
56 Thus the 1990 Broadcasting Act requires both the BBC and the third TV
channel to commission 25 per cent of its programmes (with some
exemptions) from independent companies.
57 Council Directive (3 October 1989), Official Journal of the European
Communities, no. L298/23; European Convention on Transfrontier
Television, Council of Europe (text adopted 15 March, 1989), Article 7.
58 I am indebted to Karol Jakubowicz, currently advising the Polish
government about the reorganization of Polish broadcasting, for
information about the broadcasting debate in Poland. The concept of a
tripartite broadcasting system closely resembles proposals discussed in a
British Labour Party policy committee in 1989.