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                                                                            NOTES

                  14
                   Neil MacMaster, Racism in Europe: 1870–2000. London: Palgrave, 2001.
                  15
                   Gilroy, ‘Steppin’ out of Babylon’. pp. 277 & 283.
                  16
                   MacMaster, Racism in Europe. p. 69–70.
                  17
                   Robert Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble: The US in the World Economy.
                New York: Verso, 2002.
                  18
                   Wilson Jeremiah Moses,  Afrotopia: The Roots of African American Popular
                History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. pp. 35–38.
                  19
                   Ibid. p. 190.
                  20
                   Gilroy, Black Atlantic. p. 1–40.
                  21
                   Ibid. p. 23.
                  22
                   Ibid. p. 27.
                  23
                   Moses, Afrotopia. p. 78–79.
                  24
                   Ibid. p. 79.
                  25
                   Wilson Jeremiah Moses (ed.) Classical Black Nationalism: From the American
                Revolution to Marcus Garvey. New York: New York  University  Press,  1996.
                pp. 19–20.
                  26
                   Gilroy, Black Atlantic.p.25.
                  27
                   Ibid. p. 26.
                  28
                   Ibid. p. 25.
                  29
                   Ibid. p. 26.
                  30
                   Moses, Classical Black Nationalism, pp. 22–28; Moses, Afrotopia. pp. 77–79,
                104–105, 196–198.
                  31
                   Moses, Classical Black Nationalism, pp. 101–104; Moses, Afrotopia. pp. 77–104.
                  32
                   Gilroy, Black Atlantic.p.27.
                  33
                   Ibid. p. 29.
                  34
                   Ibid. p. 27.
                  35
                   Ibid. pp. 34–35.
                  36
                   Ibid. p. 29.
                  37
                   Ibid. p. 32–36; Hall, ‘New ethnicities’, pp. 441–449.
                  38
                   Gilroy, Black Atlantic.p.32.
                  39
                   Ibid. p. 37–38, pp. 112–113.
                  40
                   Ibid. p. 37.
                  41
                   Ibid. p. 120.
                  42
                   Ibid. p. 122.
                  43
                   Ibid. p. 127.
                  44
                   Ibid. p. 144.
                  45
                   Ibid. p. 37.
                  46
                   Ibid. p. 37.
                  47
                   Ibid. p. 39.
                  48
                   Ibid. p. 126.
                  49
                   Ibid. p. 112.
                  50
                   Moses, Classical Black Nationalism.
                  51
                   Herbert Hill, Horace Cayton, Arna Bontemps and Saunders Redding,
                ‘Reflections on Richard  Wright: a symposium on an exiled native son’, in
                D.B. Gibson (ed.)  Five Black  Writers: Essays on  Wright, Ellison, Baldwin,
                Hughes, and Leroi Jones. New York: New York University Press, 1970, pp. 58–69,
                p. 66.
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