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254 DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL CULTURES

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calculate new, WVS-based LTO scores for eighty-four countries. New
data later allowed us to expand this number to ninety-three countries. 43
Across the countries represented in both studies, these scores share
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52 percent of their variance with the original LTO-CVS scores. Con-
ceptually, the new LTO scores follow the old ones also in correlating with
(other WVS) items that measure the importance of tradition as well as
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perseverance as a desirable trait for children. The new LTO scores for
ninety-three countries are presented in Table 7.4.
We deliberately maintained the label long-term orientation for the new
index. We will call it LTO-WVS because it is similar to LTO-CVS but is
not identical. The new index was inspired by the old one, but it had to be
based on a very different questionnaire, with different respondents in a
different time period. Experience with replication of concepts in surveys
shows that 50 percent common variance in such a case is about the best
attainable.
The differences between LTO-CVS and LTO-WVS are that the fi rst
originated from a survey designed by Chinese scholars, and it produced its

highest score for mainland China. In the first part of this chapter we inter-
preted the implications of the LTO dimension with its Chinese origins in
mind. Its scores are available for only twenty-three countries, and attempts
at expansion using the same questions produced disappointing results.
LTO-WVS tries to replicate the essence of long-term orientation from
a massive and permanently updated survey database that originated in
Europe and expanded worldwide under American leadership—a product
of Western minds. It lacks the Chinese flavor of the earlier study. However,

it allows us to expand the basic distinctions from the CVS to many more
countries.
As LTO-WVS is partly based on national pride, it is strongly corre-
lated with Misho’s monumentalism. At the same time, it is statistically

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entirely independent from the four IBM dimensions. Unlike LTO-CVS,
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which was independent of national wealth, LTO-WVS is weakly positively
correlated with national wealth. The relationship with economic growth
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depends on the period and on the countries included, and we will come
back to this point later in the chapter.
From the twenty-three countries of the LTO-CVS scale, six have
noticeably shifted on the LTO-WVS scale: Pakistan, Germany, and Great
Britain moved up; Australia, Brazil, and Hong Kong moved down. Paki-
stan joins India and Bangladesh; Germany and Great Britain join a West-
ern European cluster. Australia moves closer to the United States, Brazil