Page 50 - Cultures and Organizations

Studying Cultural Differences 35

TABLE 2.1 Six Major Replications of the IBM Research

DIMENSIONS REPLICATED
Year No. of
Author Publ Sample Ctrs Power Indiv Mascu Uncer
Hoppe 1990 Elites 1 18 x x x x
2
Shane 1995 Employees 28 x x x
Merritt 1998 Pilots 3 19 x x x x
4
de Mooij 2001 Consumers 15 x x x
Mouritzen 2002 Municipal 5 14 x x x
6
van Nimwegen 2002 Bank empl 19 x x x

1 Members of government, parliamentarians, labor and employers’ leaders, academics, and artists. These
people were surveyed in 1984 via the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies. On the basis of the formulas
in the VSM 82, their answers confi rmed power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism (Hoppe,
1990); using the VSM 94 they also confi rmed masculinity (Hoppe, 1998).
2 Employees of six international corporations (but not IBM) from between 28 and 32 countries: Shane
(1995); Shane & Venkataraman (1996). This study confi rmed power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and
individualism. It did not include questions about masculinity, which was judged politically incorrect(!).
3 Commercial airline pilots from 19 countries: Helmreich & Merritt (1998). Using the VSM 82 this study
confi rmed power distance and individualism; including other IBM questions judged more relevant to the
pilot’s situation, it confi rmed all four dimensions (Merritt, 2000).
4 Consumers from 15 European countries: de Mooij (2004); Culture’s Consequences (2001), pp. 187,
262, 336. Using the VSM 94 this study confi rmed uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity.
It did not confi rm power distance, probably because the consumers were not selected on the basis of the
jobs they did (or whether they had a paid job at all).
5 Top municipal civil servants from 14 countries: Søndergaard (2002); Mouritzen & Svara (2002). Using
the VSM 94 they confi rmed power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity and related the fi rst
two to the forms of local government in the countries.
6 Employees of an international bank in 19 countries: van Nimwegen (2002). This study confi rmed power

distance and individualism and also, but with a somewhat lesser fit, masculinity and long-term orientation,
but not uncertainty avoidance.

Table 2.2 lists in alphabetical order all countries and regions for which
dimension scores are presented in this book. Chapters 3 through 6, based
on the IBM research and its replications, give scores for seventy-six coun-
tries and regions; Chapters 7 and 8, based on World Values Survey data,
list scores for ninety-three cases each.