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28                   Formalisms of Digital Text
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                             iconography of PowerPoint” and redirects the medium into its own kind of
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                             expressive  genre  unrelated to any historically determined  textual  function .
                             Utilizing  the  tools  of  the  tool,  such  as  its  ability  to  render  arrows,  for
                             aesthetic production in its own right, he subsumes the domain of text to that
                             of the image.




























                                        Figure 4. Sea of Possibilities, David Byrne, 2003, digital image.
                                                  Courtesy Pace/MacGill Gallery
                                     Two divergent views – one pragmatic, one aesthetic – of the same
                             phenomenon, set the foundation for what has developed between the semi-
                             textual and the orthodox-textual: the space of the neo-textual where oral and
                             textual,  and  semi-improvised  emerged,  and  we  see  a  new  kind  of
                             conversational  writing  develop  in  the  form  of  blogs,  emails,  and  other
                             aleatory genres. History, always difficult to evade, continually integrates into
                             communicative forms. The last stage of protracted writing, embodied in the
                             essay or novel form, took place roughly six centuries ago. The process-based
                             diagrammatic  textuality  that  we  identify  with  the  algorithmic  or  process
                             diagram  reached  completion  in  the  twentieth  century.  But  conversational
                             writing  has  no  direct  ancestor,  except  for  the  personal  diary,  which
                             nonetheless never assumed the sprawling and fragmentary form of common
                             contemporary  usage.  In  notion,  however,  conversational  writing  is  not
                             entirely new; a variety of it – “conversational literacy” – was central to the
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