Page 57 - Cyberculture and New Media

48 Formalisms of Digital Text
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6
Rheingold, H., The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic
Frontier, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1993.
7
Murray, D. E., ‘Literacy at Work: Medium of Communication as Choice’,
American Association of Applied Linguistics (Seattle, WA, 1985).
8
Chafe, W. L., ‘Linguistic Differences Produced by Differences between
Speaking and Writing’, in N. Torrance D.R. Olson, & A. Hildyard (ed.),
Literacy, Language and Learning: The Nature and Consequences of Reading
and Writing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985.
9
Westby, C. E., ‘Learning to Talk - Talking to Learn: Oral-Literate
Language Differences’, in C.S. Simon (ed.), Communication Skills and
Classroom Success: Therapy Methodologies for Language-Learning
Disabled Students, College-Hill Press, San Diego, 1985.
10
Tannen, D., ‘Relative Focus on Involvement in Oral and Written
Discourse’, in N. Torrance D.R. Olson, & A. Hildyard (ed.), Literacy,
Language and Learning: The Nature and Consequence of Reading and
Writing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985.
11
Herring, S. C., Scheidt, L.A., Bonus, S., Wright, E., ‘Bridging the Gap: A
Genre Analysis of Weblogs’, 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference
on System Sciences (HICSS’04) (2004).
12
See, for example, McLuhan, M., The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of
Typographic Man, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1962.
13
Ong, W. J., Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word,
Methuen, New York, 1988. Ong’s work emerged at the dawn of the popular
computer revolution, but posited a comparative culture argument. That is,
while the book has been invoked in arguments relating to the new literature
of digital media, its treatment of orality is not quite focused on the speech
practices of modern society. As the second chapter illustrates, Ong’s
argument derives its theoretical vector from the earlier work of Milman Parry
and Eric Havelock on the noetic characteristics of oral cultures. Thus it is the
discovery and problematisation of traditional oral cultures that is modern, not
the cultures or their speech practices themselves. In that distinction, Ong’s
work is less apposite to contemporary models of new media communication.
14
See Goody, J., The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Also, Goody, J., The
Interface between the Written and the Oral, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1987. As with the work of Walter Ong, Jack Goody’s focus is
refracted through the lens of linguistic anthropology. In his assessment of
writing’s impact on largely oral societies at the interface with literate
modalities, in the Ancient Near East, in contemporary Africa, and in forms
marginally related to the ideographic structure of technology’s Western
scripts (e.g., Islamic writing, cuneiform variations, Vai writing), Goody’s