Page 311 - Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems

272 Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems

highlighted that the effect of electric vehicles in future interconnected power
systems regarding the frequency behavior needs more investigations.
Likewise, the traditional LFC schemes used for conventional power systems
cannot achieve the requirements of the modern power systems under deregu-
lation environments. Therefore more reliable and robust frequency control
schemes are needed for future power systems.
Due to its importance in the reality, in this chapter, a probabilistic frame-
work to design an N 2 1 secure day-ahead dispatch while determining the
minimum cost reserves for power systems with wind power generation is
introduced. A strategy where the reserves can be deployed as a corrective
action is suggested. In order to construct a reserve decision scheme the
steady-state behavior of the secondary frequency controller is considered. In
this case, he deployed reserves are a piecewise linear function of the total
generation-load mismatch. The chance constraints include not only probabil-
ity of satisfying the transmission capacity constraints of the lines and genera-
tion limits but also the reserve capacity limits. A convex reformulation and a
heuristic algorithm are proposed to achieve tractability. Likewise, in this
chapter, a new fractional-order control scheme is suggested for future power
systems with high penetration level of RER and electric vehicles. The DOF
of the optimization problem of LFC is increased by using the fractional-
order controllers, which leads to much better performance of LFC. In addi-
tion, the participation of electric vehicles (EVs) in providing secondary
reserve for future smart grid is studied in this chapter along with a new par-
ticipation method. Furthermore, the controllers’ parameters are tuned via
several evolutionary algorithms such as ICA and differential algorithm (DE).
Moreover, several numerical analyzes are carried out to assess the perfor-
mance of the proposed control scheme. Likewise, the effectiveness of EVs
and RERs participation in LFC is examined. In addition, several objective
functions are used to define the optimization problem, and their perfor-
mances are compared. Finally, the robustness of the designed load-frequency
controllers based on evolutionary algorithms is investigated by changing the
parameters of power system under some conditions.
The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 11.1 introduces
this chapter. An overview of power system operation and decision-making is
provided in Section 11.2. Decision-making application to reserve scheduling
is introduced in Section 11.3. Section 11.4 introduces decision-making appli-
cation to LFC. The power system under investigation with the simulation
results is presented in Section 11.5. Section 11.7 concludes and proposes
future research directions.

11.2 Power system operation and decision-making

Electrical power systems generally consist of generation, transmission, and
distribution supplying the bulk of energy, which is critical both for domestic